Rapid ovarian dysfunction is observed in all females after initiation of cancer treatment as measured by AMH and inhibin B. Our data regarding those who require abdominal radiotherapy and/or SCT confirms the recommendations in the Nordic countries where these patients are eligible for cryopreservation of ovarian cortical tissue before start of cancer treatment.

Maternal enterovirus infections during pregnancy may increase the risk of offspring developing type 1 diabetes during childhood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether gestational enterovirus infections increase the offspring's risk of type 1 diabetes later in life. Serum samples from 30 mothers without diabetes whose offspring developed type 1 diabetes between 15 and 25 years of age were analyzed for enterovirus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies and enterovirus genome (RNA), and compared to a control group. Among the index mothers, 9/30 (30%) were enterovirus IgM-positive, and none was positive for enterovirus RNA. In the control group, 14/90 (16%) were enterovirus IgM-positive, and 4/90 (4%) were positive for enterovirus RNA (n.s.). Boys of enterovirus IgM-positive mothers had approximately 5 times greater risk of developing diabetes (OR 4.63; 95% CI 1.22–17.6), as compared to boys of IgM-negative mothers (P < .025). These results suggest that gestational enterovirus infections may be related to the risk of offspring developing type 1 diabetes in adolescence and young adulthood.

Background: Gonadal dysfunction is one of the major late complications after cancer diagnosis and treatment. The best markers of ovarian reserve in clinical practice are antral follicle count (AFC) and ovarian volume. We aimed to study the prevalence of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and evaluate anti-M€ ullerian hormone (AMH) and other serum markers for ovarian function in adult women who were childhood cancer survivors (CCS) in comparison with a control group. Material and methods: Altogether, 167 female CCS were compared to 164 matched controls. Prevalence of POI was documented and serum levels of AMH, inhibin B, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol (E2) were compared with AFC and ovarian volume. Results: POI was reported in 22 (13%) of the CCS and in none of the controls. Serum levels of AMH, inhibin B, and FSH, but not E2, correlated significantly with AFC and ovarian volume; AMH showed the highest correlation. There was no difference between CCS and controls regarding the different serum markers as measured by linear regression analysis. ROC curve AUC for primary POI showed the highest values for AMH (0.930) and AFC (0.944). For AFC <10, ROC curve AUC showed highest value for AMH for CCS (0.866) and controls (0.878). In a subgroup of female CCS <40 years (n ¼ 120), the results were similar. Conclusion: We found POI in 13% among CCS, slightly more than in other studies. Serum levels of AMH, inhibin B, and FSH correlated significantly with AFC and ovarian volume, and no difference was noted between CCS and controls. AMH was the most reliable serum marker for ovarian function in terms of POI and low AFC.

BackgroundThe incidence of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing at a rate of about 3% per year and there is also an increasing incidence throughout the world. Type 1 diabetes is a complex disease caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) have been suggested as a triggering factor for developing childhood type 1 diabetes. The aim of this case-control study was to assess possible impacts of in utero exposure to POPs on type 1 diabetes.Methodology/ Principal FindingsThe study was performed as a case-control study within a biobank in Malmö, a city located in the Southern part of Sweden. The study included 150 cases (children who had their diagnosis mostly before 18 years of age) and 150 controls, matched for gender and day of birth. 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-153) and the major DDT metabolite 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p′-DDE) were used as a biomarkers for POP exposure. When comparing the quartile with the highest maternal serum concentrations of PCB-153 with the other quartiles, an odds ratio (OR) of 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42, 1.27) was obtained. Similar results was obtained for p,p′-DDE (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.29, 1.08).ConclusionsThe hypothesis that in utero exposure to POPs will trigger the risk for developing type 1 diabetes was not supported by the results. The risk estimates did, although not statistically significant, go in the opposite direction. However, it is not reasonable to believe that exposure to POPs should protect against type 1 diabetes.