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We report the case of a rare anomaly of the right coronary artery originated from the middle third of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery with a proximal atheromatous obstructive lesion immediately before the emergence of the right coronary artery (RCA). The patient underwent successful angioplasty with stent implantation in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Only 7 cases of this anomaly of distribution have been reported in the literature, but none of them was treated with percutaneous revascularization.Anomalies of the coronary arteries occur in 1 to 2% of the population, constituting a rare, but important, type of nonatherosclerotic coronary artery disease. These anomalies may cause sudden death on exertion and increase the risk of coronary arterial trauma during surgical procedures. In addition, certain types of anomaly may lead to myocardial ischemia 1 .The single coronary artery (SCA), described as an isolated coronary artery, has no gender predominance, being a rare entity with an incidence of 0.024% when isolated, and of 0.03 to 0.04% when associated with other cardiac abnormalities 2-4 . Its main characteristic is being originated from the aortic root through a single ostium, with no evidence of a second ostium, being then responsible for the irrigation of the entire heart, independently of its distribution 2 . In these cases, proximal atherosclerotic obstructions may have severe consequences for the patient 4 .We report the case of a patient who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation and whose RCA originated from the LAD. The cases of only 7 patients with that anomaly have so far been reported in the literature, but none of them was treated with coronary angioplasty 5 . Case ReportThe patient is a 73-year-old, white, male, retired lumber jack, bornt and residing in the town of Maria da Fé, in the state of Minas Gerais. The patient has type II diabetes, hypertension and quit smoking 20 years earlier. He was referred to our service for coronary angiography due to a one-year history of oppressive chest pain on exertion, which irradiated to the left upper limb, was relieved with rest, and had no aggravating factors. The patient reported that in the preceding 2 months the pattern of the chest pain evolved progressively until being triggered at rest.On physical examination, the patient had no alterations, except for his cardiac auscultation, which had a regular cardiac rhythm with the presence of S4. The chest teleradiography was normal. The rest electrocardiogram ( fig. 1) showed a sinus rhythm, SÂQRS +70º, heart rate of 75 bpm, with no ventricular repolarization alterations. During the exercise test ( fig. 2), a significant 3-mm depression of the ST segment was observed on the MC5 lead with a load of 1.7 mph 10% at 3 minutes, characterizing an ischemic myocardial response to exercise.The patient underwent coronary angiography according to the Sones technique on July 14th, 2003, which revealed a LAD originating from the left Valsalva sinus, and dividin...

The objective of this article is to analyze the transformation of a local pharmacy into the beginnings of a pharmaceutical industry. For this reason, it considers the process of the constitution and functioning of Laboratorio J.G.B., the property of Jorge Garcés Borrero, from its origins in Cali (Colombia) as an artesan establishment (1876); passing through its conversion into an industrial laboratory (1931); and culminating in its commercial development (1944). The hypothesis underlying this study stems from the idea that the local entrepreneurs in Colombia were capable of adapting to the conjunctures of capitalist development during the first half of the 20th century, and above all, in order to succeed they managed to conjugate a variety of factors ranging from innovation, accumulation of capital, diversification of products, purchase of industrial machinery, and retail sale.

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É com um enorme sentido de reconhecimento e gratidão que agradeço a todos que de alguma forma ajudaram e apoiaram na concretização deste estudo.Começo por agradecer ao Professor Doutor Carlos Plasencia Climent, diretor da tese, que desde o início acreditou em mim, pela disponibilidade, partilha e amizade demonstrada ao longo da realização deste estudo.Agradeço aos Professores Doutores Emílio Espi e Ruben Tortosa pelos conhecimentos transmitidos e simpatia demonstrada no início deste percurso e em especial aos Professores Doutores Antero Ferreira, Enric Tormo e Paco Berenguer pelos ensinamentos, pela partilha de conhecimentos e experiências, simpatia e amizade.A todos os colegas do programa de Doutoramento, em especial à Sílvia Espada, colega, amiga e irmã desta grande jornada.Agradeço a todas as entidades e pessoas que de alguma forma viabilizaram a concretização deste estudo.A todos os meus colegas, amigos e familiares que sempre me incentivaram a seguir o meu caminho e a nunca desistir.Às minhas irmãs Maria João e Alda e à minha sobrinha Simone Márcia pela disponibilidade e apoio sincero demonstrado.Não posso deixar de agradecer à minha mãe Alice, pelo seu amor sincero e apoio incondicional, ao meu marido Rui, pela compreensão, amizade e por acreditar em mim/em nós.Por fim, agradeço ao maior amor da minha vida o João, que mesmo não compreendendo as minhas ausências pela sua tenra idade sempre perdoou as horas a que a ele não pude dedicar.| iv RESUMEN RESUMEN Esta tesis tiene como tema el diseño gráfico de los manuales escolares en el 1.º Ciclo de la Enseñanza Básica (CEB) en Portugal, y pretende contribuir al conocimiento y la comprensión de la participación del diseño como un conocimiento específico esencial para la calidad de los manuales escolares.La importancia de esta investigación se justifica por la actualidad del tema, teniendo en cuenta las variantes sociales a las que Portugal se ha enfrentado y que se reflejan en el sector de la educación, dando lugar a un reajuste constante de las editoriales a estos cambios. En el sistema educativo, el manual escolar es un complemento útil para el profesor en el proceso de enseñanza y una herramienta indispensable en el desarrollo del aprendizaje del niño, por lo que ha sido objeto de análisis, debate y crítica durante los últimos años en la sociedad portuguesa.Por lo tanto, el trabajo de investigación que aquí se presenta ha tenido como objetivo analizar y demostrar la importancia del diseño gráfico en la elaboración de los manuales escolares nacionales, en general, y en el 1.º CEB, en particular; y dar cuenta del grado en que las editoriales (responsables de la elaboración de los manuales escolares) reconocen la importancia del diseño gráfico y del diseñador como un actor indispensable para que los manuales satisfagan adecuadamente las características específicas de los niños.Para la fundamentación teórica, hemos recurrido a la legislación nacional y a la bibliografía de referencia para el objeto de estudio. Metodológicamente se define, para esta investigación, u...