Background Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique hosts a large population of baboons, numbering over 200 troops. Gorongosa baboons have been tentatively identified as part of Papio ursinus on the basis of previous limited morphological analysis and a handful of mitochondrial DNA sequences. However, a recent morphological and morphometric analysis of Gorongosa baboons pinpointed the occurrence of several traits intermediate between P. ursinus and P. cynocephalus, leaving open the possibility of past and/or ongoing gene flow in the baboon population of Gorongosa National Park. In order to investigate the evolutionary history of baboons in Gorongosa, we generated high and low coverage whole genome sequence data of Gorongosa baboons and compared it to available Papio genomes. Results We confirmed that P. ursinus is the species closest to Gorongosa baboons. However, the Gorongosa baboon genomes share more derived alleles with P. cynocephalus than P. ursinus does, but no recent gene flow between P. ursinus and P. cynocephalus was detected when available Papio genomes were analyzed. Our results, based on the analysis of autosomal, mitochondrial and Y chromosome data, suggest complex, possibly male-biased, gene flow between Gorongosa baboons and P. cynocephalus, hinting to direct or indirect contributions from baboons belonging to the “northern” Papio clade, and signal the presence of population structure within P. ursinus. Conclusions The analysis of genome data generated from baboon samples collected in central Mozambique highlighted a complex set of evolutionary relationships with other baboons. Our results provided new insights in the population dynamics that have shaped baboon diversity.
Neste trabalho estudamos o problema de corte de estoque inteiro. Para o caso unidimensional, apresentamos alguns métodos heurísticos selecionados por Wãscher e Gau (1996), os quais realizaram um estudo computacional. Tais métodos partem da solução ótima do problema relaxado por programação linear e buscam uma solução inteira em sua 'vizinhança'. Neste presente trabalho, estendemos um dos métodos para o caso bidimensional, que consiste em resolver o problema original relaxado, impondo padrões de corte 2-estágios e irrestritos e utilizando a geração de colunas proposta por Gilmore e Gomory (1965). Em seguida, um arredondamento para o inteiro inferior é feito, resultando em um problema residual. Para resolução deste problema, abandonamos novamente a condição de integralidade e utilizamos a técnica de geração de colunas impondo agora padrões de corte 2-estágios e restritos. O arredondamento é realizado, resultando em um novo problema residual, que será tratado da mesma forma. Este procedimento é repetido até que o arredondamento' resulte somente em freqüências nulas. Por fim, padrões restritos são utilizados até toda a demanda restante ser atendida. Os resultados dos testes computacionais obtidos com a implementação deste método são apresentados, onde foram observadas fortes indicações da propriedade M1RUP ser também válida para problemas de corte bidimensional 2-estágios.
L’article vise montrer l’importance da la doctrine de l’amour dans la philosophie de Marsile Ficin, en partant du De Amore - Commentaire sur le Banquet de Platon. Quand on parle de “l’invention” ficinienne de l’amour platonique, on prétend souligner l’innovation introduite par Ficin dans sa réception du platonisme à la lumière d’autres traditions (hermétisme, néoplatonisme, christianisme). L’amour, en tant que “fureur divine” et force intermédiaire, permet l’accès à une sagesse qu’on ne peut obtenir par la voie de la connaissance. Pour revivre le platonisme, il faut lire Platon, mais il faut aussi revivre un style de vie philosophique: l’amour / amitié entre les membres de l’Académie florentine s’éloigne pourtant du modèle socratico-platonicien, en tant que l’object ultime de l’amour est l’amour réciproque et l’union avec Dieu constitue le telos naturel de l’âme humaine.
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