The effects of variety, rootstock, and geographical location were studied as to their effects on secondary metabolite production in grapefruit and pummelo. The concentration of the flavanones narirutin, naringin, and neohesperidin and of the sesquiterpene nootkatone, which is principally responsible for the grapefruit's aroma, varies during h i t development. The highest flavanone levels are detected during the juvenile stages of fruit development, while nootkatone expression is associated with the processes of maturation and senescence. The possibility of increasing the levels of these metabolites by regulating the associated processes of growth and cell differentiation is discussed.

The composition and diversity of the endophytic community associated with yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) was investigated using culture-depending methods. Fungi were identified based on their micromorphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequence analysis; for bacteria 16S rDNA sequence analysis was used. Fungal and bacterial diversity did not show significant differences between organ age. The highest fungal diversity was registered during fall season and the lowest in winter. Bacterial diversity was higher in stems and increased from summer to winter, in contrast with leaves, which decreased. The most frequently isolated fungus was Fusarium, followed by Colletotrichum; they were both present in all the sampling seasons and organ types assayed. Actinobacteria represented 57.5 % of all bacterial isolates. The most dominant bacterial taxa were Curtobacterium and Microbacterium. Other bacteria frequently found were Methylobacterium, Sphingomonas, Herbiconiux and Bacillus. Nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization activity, ACC deaminase production and antagonism against plant fungal pathogens were assayed in endophytic bacterial strains. In the case of fungi, strains of Trichoderma, Penicillium and Aspergillus were assayed for antagonism against pathogenic Fusarium sp. All microbial isolates assayed showed at least one growth promoting activity. Strains of Bacillus, Pantoea, Curtobacterium, Methylobacterium, Brevundimonas and Paenibacillus had at least two growth-promoting activities, and Bacillus, Paenibacillus and the three endophytic fungi showed high antagonistic activity against Fusarium sp. In this work we have made a wide study of the culturable endophytic community within yerba mate plants and found that several microbial isolates could be considered as potential inoculants useful for improving yerba mate production.

The aim of this article is to describe two new setoid species of Marasmius: M. chrysoblepharioides and M. neotrichotus from the riparian forest of the Paraná river in Northeastern Argentina. Marasmius chrysoblepharioides is characterized by a sulcate-striate, yellowish orange pileus, an entirely pilose, orange brown stipe; caulosetae with a tapering and thick-walled apex, and its bacilliform to fusiform basidiospores. Marasmius neotrichotus differs from M. trichotus and M. ciliatus by its longer caulosetae and spores, respectively. The phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data from ITS sequences indicated that both new species are distinct from closely related species.