The 4N and 2 H quadrupole resonance frequencies have been measured for fifteen substituted imidazoles at room temperature by means of double-resonance techniques. The variations in the 4N quadrupole parameters of the amino nitrogen atom, N ( l ), are primarily determined by the hydrogen-bonding environment. Two interchanges of the 4N electric field gradient components are inferred to occur; the first involves the x and y axes when gaseous imidazole condenses to form a solid, and the second involves the y and z axes when le2qQ/hI (14N) falls below 1.35 MHz, as in several imidazolium salts. Much smaller variations in the 14N quadrupole parameters of the imino nitrogen atom, N(3), are observed and their behaviour may be interpreted by assuming that an interchange between the x and y axes of the 14N electric field gradient tensor has occurred, relative to gaseous imidazole, in all the solids studied.
El techo de cristal en MéxicoResumen El "techo de cristal" son los obstáculos que impiden que una mujer alcance puestos de alto nivel en las organizaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la situación actual de las mujeres en los puestos de alta dirección en el contexto mexicano, con el fin de conocer qué tanto el techo de cristal afecta su desarrollo profesional. Para ello se realizó una investigación documental recolectando información de las empresas que cotizan en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV), así como de publicaciones recientes del sector empresarial en México. El principal hallazgo de este trabajo muestra que en promedio, las mujeres que conforman el consejo de administración en las empresas que cotizan en la BMV, sólo alcanzan el 4.56 %, asimismo, de las 500 mejores empresas para trabajar en México, sólo el 3% se encuentran dirigidas por mujeres, y de las 50 mujeres más poderosas de México, sólo el 14% trabajan como ejecutivas en una empresa. Ello evidencia que a pesar de los avances referentes a la igualdad de género, aún resulta difícil para las mujeres superar el techo de cristal.
14N and 2H quadrupole resonance frequencies have been measured at room temperature by double resonance techniques in four salts of cytosine and the dihydrobromide of adenine. By means of careful Zeeman measurements, consistent quadrupole coupling constants and asymmetry parameters have been deduced and assigned to specific nuclei in the molecule. The approximate orientation of the l4N electric field gradient tensor has been deduced by a comparison of the results with those for solid imidazole discussed in the previous paper. Protonation of the cytosine molecule is shown to increase the 2 p x conjugation of the exocyclic NH2 group with the ring, so that much of the positive charge of the cation may reside on the amino group.
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