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In this paper, states estimation for MIMO TwinRotor System (TRS) is performed. In practical, often, system states are unknown or immeasurable. In applications like state feedback control design, fault diagnostics or system monitoring, the states information is needed. The precise estimation of states can be done and verified using Kalman filter as state observer. For generation and confirmation of correct states estimate, DC inputs (resembling practical inputs) are developed and outputs from TRS model are collected. The I/O data is invoked in Kalman filter and resulting states estimates are verified for correctness first by examining the state error covariance and then by comparing the evolution of actual and estimated states.The results show that the Kalman state estimates are highly precise and fast convergent to the actual states. The TRS states information is usable for fault diagnostics, control design, system monitoring or as an alternate to costly instruments used to measure system states in industries.

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The study explores the role of intercultural pragmatics in theimprovement of students’ reading comprehension of English. This is anexperimental research conducted upon 50 eighth-grade Pashtun studentsaged around 12 and 13 years. The experimental group (n=25) was taughtan intercultural curriculum which included topics from the British culture(target culture) and Pashtun culture (source culture) in addition to theform of language. The control group (n=25) was treated traditionally inwhich the focus was on the structure and form of language. The pre- andpost-tests were administered to both groups. After comparing the meanscores of the tests, it has been found that the experimental group showedgreater improvement in their English language proficiency as comparedto the control group. It is recommended that topics from both the sourceand target cultures written in the target language be included in theEnglish curriculum. Further, training programs for language teachersshould include intercultural pragmatics in their syllabi. Further researchmay be conducted in the same area in different places with participantsfrom different cultures and age groups.