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This research focuses on social interaction associated with price transmission in a multitier rice supply chain. A case study and qualitative methods are employed to examine a well-established supply network in Karawang District in Indonesia. Farmers and traders used their existing network in selling rice crops to traders and adopted a payment scheme for cash-and-carry transactions. Information on the market situation was obtained through personal interviews and observations including text messaging with farmer and trader informants. Evidence reveals that social relationships are vital in transmitting price information among networked actors to maintain the flow of rice, mitigate risk, and avoid losses due to poor quality of the rice product. Findings show that social interaction enables actors in an end-to-end rice supply chain to deal with the assurance of supply rationing.

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The apparel industry is a class of textile industry. Generally, the production scheduling problem in the apparel industry belongs to Flow Shop Scheduling Problems (FSSP). There are many algorithms/techniques/heuristics for solving FSSP. Two of them are the Palmer Algorithm and the Gupta Algorithm. Hyper-heuristic is a class of heuristics that enables to combine of some heuristics to produce a new heuristic. GPHH is a hyper-heuristic that is based on genetic programming that is proposed to solve FSSP [1]. This paper presents the development of a computer program that implements the GPHH. Some experiments have been conducted for measuring the performance of GPHH. From the experimental results, GPHH has shown a better performance than the Palmer Algorithm and Gupta Algorithm.