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The study apprehends the educational impacts of fieldwork in earth sciences teaching at high school. We assess its role in students’ skills improvement, based on a trip to Ait Idir (Ait Sedrate) in southeastern Morocco. The adopted approach consists of comparing skills acquired by a group of 26 high school students before and after the fieldwork. The area was chosen based on its scientific relevance, mainly in terms of morphologic diversity and accessibility. The students were engaged in the fieldwork on 4 December 2021 after doing a classroom course on introductive geology, granulometry, and sands’ morphoscopy. In the field, students were asked to observe and discuss chosen landforms and deposits that may facilitate their skills development. Several technic tools were used such as maps, satellite images, and other geotechnical and mechanical tools. The results show the important positive impact of the fieldwork in teaching earth sciences at high school. It offered observable elements that students enjoy describing and discussing. The students engage their critical thinking to assess and discuss the landscape structure, the geomorphic forms, and their genetic processes and perceive the importance of the scale concepts for example. The post-test confirms that 53% of the students gave the right answers to asked general questions on topography, deposits, landforms, contextualization, and human–nature interactions for example. A total of 75% of asked questions were correctly answered by students concerning the site location, its physical framework, and its sedimentologic impacts. The research results are important in terms of soft skills development, and regarding their scientific, didactic, and cognitive impacts.

Este artículo analiza las controversias de los actores sobre el desarrollo suburbano en las cercanías del sur de Fez (la comuna de Ain Chkef, Marruecos). Estas controversias están afectando en gran medida el desarrollo local e imponen cargas costosas en términos de impactos en los sistemas locales. Se analizan en este artículo estas controversias utilizando una metodología espacial sintética basada en datos socio-espaciales y cartografía de ArcGis. El papel de la propiedad de la tierra en las intensas controversias de los actores en el área se discute en términos de las oportunidades que ofrece para la inversión y como un factor de conflicto entre los titulares de derechos, operadores y otros actores en desarrollo. Las controversias a veces están vinculadas a cuestiones relacionadas con el valor de la tierra, el desarrollo de actividades (gentrificación, zonas de actividad y actores que disputan puestos), y a la ubicación de equipos principales o recursos ambientales. La gobernanza y la dirección del desarrollo local en estas condiciones es compleja, ya que el tomador de decisiones debe asimilar las necesidades de los actores y todos los parámetros que influyen en los suburbios, para desarrollar la gobernanza convergente sugerida como una solución. Incluye visiones claras, un mayor conocimiento de los intereses territoriales, los factores clave de la gestión territorial y las causas y motivaciones de las controversias de los actores para encontrar soluciones y respuestas adaptadas a sus preguntas. La gobernanza convergente debe ser anticipativa, comunicativa y capaz de crear las convergencias de los actores. Por lo tanto, las realidades complejas de los suburbios pueden entenderse mejor utilizando el enfoque de gobernanza convergente con una consideración adicional de la relación y la territorialidad que integran los factores de influencia contextuales locales, regionales y externos.

Despite its abundance in many regions of the planet, the marl's use in practical issues engender many problems, in relation to its components' quality, its physical and chemical characteristics and its valorization costs. The crumbling is among its major critical aspects that affect its engineering behavior, its handcraft and other socio-economic uses. This paper apprehends the physical and chemical properties of the Miocene marl in Fez vicinity (Morocco). They are investigated to measure their changes and see how they affect the marl's geotechnical characteristics. Mixed with cellulose and pozzolan at different concentration degrees, the marl samples were exposed to extreme temperatures, observed in the laboratory and interpreted in terms of characteristics reliable to crumbling risk reducing as cohesion and materials' resistance. By adding the cellulose and pozzolan to the raw marl at different percentages (1%, 5%), (2%, 10%), (3%, 15%), (4%, 20%), (5%,25%), we have tested its characteristics using various techniques and analyses. We mainly used X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and SEM techniques This study apprehends the possible production of innovative materials based on marl mixtures. It emphasizes the valorization of the Miocene marls in the region of Fez (Morocco) but its aims are larger as the results may be applied for marl worldwide. The main goal is to identify the best thresholds that are suited to improve the mixed marls' physico-chemical properties and therefore reduce risks of crumbling in marl. The results are concluding as chemical analyses show a slight variation of major chemical elements in the samples' contents. We note that after adding pozzolan and cellulose to marl, the Fe2O3 and SiO2 increase and favors neoformation of clays. New illite and metakaolinite appear. The difference is important when we compare results between characteristics of the raw marl and those of the mixed marls, in particular at temperatures of 900 °C and 1000 °C. The mineralogical analyzes have shown the appearance of well crystallized hematite. In mixed marl, these results were confirmed by the electron microscope analysis. The results converge to confirm the positive impact of geopolymer mixtures as they contribute to decrease the risks of marl crumbling as its cohesion and resistance become intense. These new marl's characteristics are innovator and show a new degree of the material' transformation. They favor the marl's advantageous exploitation in economic and industrial activities. Even locally experimented, the importance of the obtained results may be worldwide.