BACKGROUND: Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is frequently found in cases of obesity and related metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The composition of the microbiota in diabetics is similar to that of obese people, thereby causing increased energy uptake efficiency in the large intestine of obese people, maintenance of a systemic inflammatory state, and increased insulin resistance. Bariatric surgery seems to entail an improvement in gut dysbiosis, leading to an increased diversity of the gut microbiota. AIMS: This study aimed to present a literature review on obesity-associated gut dysbiosis and its status post-bariatric surgery. METHODS: A systematic review of primary studies was conducted in PubMed, SciELO, BIREME, LILACS, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases using DeCS (Health Science Descriptors) with the terms “obesity,” “intestinal dysbiosis,” “bariatric surgery,” and “microbiota.” RESULTS: We analyzed 28 articles that had clinical studies or literature reviews as their main characteristics, of which 82% (n=23) corresponded to retrospective studies. The sample size of the studies ranged from 9 to 257 participants and/or fecal samples. The epidemiological profile showed a higher prevalence of obesity in females, ranging from 24.4 to 35.1%, with a mean age of around 25–40 years. There was a variation regarding the type of bariatric surgery, migrating between the Roux-en-Y bypass, adjustable gastric banding, and vertical gastrectomy. Of the 28 studies, 6 of them evaluated the gut microbiota of obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and their relationship with type 2 diabetes mellitus/glucose metabolism/insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The intestinal microbiota is an important influencer in the regulation of the digestive tract, and obese individuals with comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and metabolic syndrome) present important alterations, with an unbalance normal state, generating dysbiosis and the proliferation of bacterial species that favor the appearance of new diseases. Patients who undergo bariatric surgery present an improvement in the intestinal microbiota imbalance as well as reversibility of their comorbidities, increasing their life expectancy.

Inguinodynia (chronic inguinal pain) is one of the most feared complications for surgeons after inguinal hernia repair with prosthetic mesh placement. The biopsychosocial impact of this complication can lead to a considerable decrease in patients quality of life. Chronic inguinal pain can appear at varying periods after surgery, for weeks to years after the surgical procedure. The pain is classified as neuropathic and non-neuropathic related to nerve injury and mesh, respectively. The diagnosis and clinical management of this condition is a separate challenge for medical specialists in hernia surgery, requiring a thorough knowledge of inguinal anatomy, advanced surgical knowledge, and literature references on the subject are still limited. In this article we discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic tools as well as the surgical maneuvers for the intervention of inguinodynia.