These findings corroborated that ulcers are not the only manifestation of LE in the oral mucosa. Clinical and histological examinations are significant as immunoproteins are not always found on the oral sample.

Although no single microscopic feature is specific, a diagnosis of syphilis should be considered where there is unusual epithelial hyperplasia, granulomatous or plasma cell-predominant chronic inflammation, endarteritis and neuritis.

Objective This study aimed to assess the frequency of KRAS mutation and its association with the presence of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway proteins in adenomatoid odontogenic tumors. Study Design Paraffin‐embedded tissue samples from nine cases of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor were used. Genomic DNA was extracted from each sample; in one case, genetic mutations in 50 cancer‐associated genes were examined by next‐generation sequencing. Hotspot mutations in the RAS family were analyzed by Luminex assay using the remaining eight cases. Subsequently, immunohistochemistry for KRAS, CRAF, BRAF, EGFR, ERK, MEK, and BRAFV600E was performed. Results A KRAS G12D missense mutation was detected in the DNA sequence of the tumor cells, but it was not detected in the stromal tissue. KRAS G12V and KRAS G12R mutations were detected in two and four cases, respectively. For immunohistochemistry, all the cases were EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, CRAF positive, one case was ERK negative,and one case was MEK and ERK negative, all the other remaining cases were MEK and ERK positive. Conclusion KRAS mutation at codon 12 and the presence of MAPK/ERK pathway proteins were detected suggesting their association with tumorigenesis of adenomatoid odontogenic tumors.

The immunological reaction begins with Langerhans cells activation, which presents an antigen to CD4+ lymphocytes. Those cells through ICAM-1 and LFA-1 promote epithelial destruction. Afterwards, cytokine production, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression can activate CD8+ lymphocytes leading to the chronic form of the disease.

Objective To report the clinicopathologic features of acquired oral syphilis cases in South American countries. Materials and Methods Clinical data were retrospectively collected from the records of 18 oral diagnostic services in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Uruguay, and Peru. Serologies of nontreponemal and treponemal tests were used for diagnosis. Results The series comprised 339 cases of acquired oral syphilis. Secondary syphilis ranked as the most common stage (86.7%). Lesions were more frequent among males (58.0%) and young adults with a mean age of 33.3 years. Individuals aged 20–29 years were most affected (35.3%). The most commonly involved sites were the tongue (31.6%), lip/labial commissure (25.1%), and hard/soft palate (20.4%). Clinically, acquired oral syphilis usually presented as mucous patches (28.4%), papules (25.7%), and ulcers (18.1%). Skin manifestations occurred in 67.7% of individuals, while lymphadenopathy and fever were observed in 61.3% and 11.6% of all subjects, respectively. Most patients were treated with the benzathine penicillin G antibiotic. Conclusion This report validates the spread of acquired oral syphilis infection among young adults in South America. Our directives include accessible diagnostic tools for proper disease screening, surveillance, and counselling of affected individuals, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries.