IVF does not seem to be associated with elevated cervical cancer risk, nor with ovarian or endometrial cancer when the confounding effect of infertility was neutralized in studies allowing such comparisons. Of note, only one study provided follow-up longer than 10 years for the group exposed to IVF. Future cohort studies should preferably use infertile women as the reference group, rely on IVF-registered valid exposure data, adjust for a variety of meaningful confounders and adopt relatively longer follow-up periods before sound conclusions are drawn.

Study objective Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adolescence, a disorder of exclusion, has proved to be a timeless diagnostic challenge for the clinician. Since 1990, several attempts to provide clear diagnostic criteria have been published, most of the time leading to inconsistencies. We attempted to elucidate the controversies and convergences of this subject by conducting a systematic review of the literature concerning official guidelines or proposed criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS in adolescent girls. Design Based on a term search sequence via electronic databases such as Pubmed, Cochrane, Embase, Scopus and a hands-on review of references and learned societies, all available data were classified and analyzed. Single case reports, original studies with adult population or articles with incomplete diagnostic guidelines were excluded. Results Twelve reports dated from 2006 to 2018 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Seven of them were endorsed or published by learned societies. All suggested a stricter diagnosis than in adulthood. Polycystic ovarian morphology was used as a necessary criterion only in three guidelines, and there was a tendency for a more objective diagnosis of hyperandrogenism, defined either by clinical features or by biochemical hyperandrogenemia, although in one case both were required. Conclusion Irregular menstrual cycles, allowing for an interval of at least 2 years postmenarche, and hyperandrogenism, usually reinforced by biochemical confirmation, are the main accepted features for PCOS diagnosis in adolescence. Discrepancies among endocrine and reproductive medicine societies still remain, although recent intensified attempts at reaching a consensus should allow for more universally accepted diagnostic criteria.

Childhood malnutrition is a global epidemic with significant public health ramifications. The alarming increase in childhood obesity rates, in conjunction with the COVID-19 pandemic, pose major challenges. The present review aims to critically discuss policies and action plans promoting healthy nutrition among infants and children, globally. Since the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 and the joint consortium held by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) that led to the “Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding”, several policymakers and scientific societies have produced relevant reports. Today, the WHO and UNICEF remain the key players on the field, elaborating the guidelines shaped by international expert teams over time, but we still have a long way to go before assuring the health of our children.

Background Pedestrians, the largest group of road users, sustain a considerable proportion of road casualties, mainly due to their vulnerability. The association of accidents with driver's distraction by mobile phone (MP) use has been repeatedly documented, whereas the relation with pedestrian's MP use distraction has been less intensively studied. Purpose To systematically review publications on accidents/ near-accidents due to pedestrian distraction by MP and attempt to quantify the risk. Methods Ιn the context of the ‘ENIGMA’ program, aiming to summarise evidence on human risks associated with MP use, we systematically searched Medline publications using appropriate search algorithms and analysed eligible studies, published until February 2012. Results Studies conducted in either virtual or real environments seem to point to an increased accident/near-accident risk due to pedestrians' distraction of attention by MP. Regardless of individual attentional/processing skills or the content of conversation, pedestrians who used MP while walking missed more opportunities for safe road behavior, needed more time to cross the street, left less safe time between their crossing and the next-arriving vehicle and were hit or almost hit more times compared to not distracted, Of note, pedestrians were less attentive to traffic, even when they may have made the appropriate motions to look left and right before crossing. Significance MP use by pedestrians seems to impart a higher risk of being involved in an accident/near accident. Intensive efforts are needed aiming to highlight dangers and promote behaviour modification towards intended use of a new technology that has rapidly become highly popular.