the Doppler angle of insonation has a significant effect on spectral Doppler velocity measurements. It is crucial that duplex criteria are standardised with a fixed angle of insonation and that this angle is consistently used during velocity estimations.

Women under protection -in hiding from violent meni jsw_623 419..430 Weinehall K, Jonsson M-L. Women under protection -in hiding from violent men Int J Soc Welfare 2009: 18: 419-430 people, out of a population of around nine million were living under at-risk conditions requiring protective measures for their safety. Sixty per cent were women, most of them hiding from men who had battered them and were still threatening and stalking them. In this research and intervention study, a group of women in hiding were given different kinds of support and 23 women were interviewed. These women struggle to make a living, work or study, and their finances are extremely strained. Their social networks/interactions are nonexistent. Living under constant threat and insecurity has an adverse impact on the women's health. The community is obliged, for economic and security reasons, to support battered women. There are still severe shortcomings with regard to security. One recommendation is the institution of personal protection officers, i.e. specially trained social service caseworkers able to support the woman once protection measures have been decided.

No abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and results of repeat surgery without preoperative angiography in limbs with patent infrainguinal bypass grafts. Between January 1995 and December 1999, 73 surgical interventions were performed for correction of inflow, graft, or runoff-related lesions in limbs with patent infrainguinal bypass grafts. Fifty-six of the 73 cases were operated on based on the findings obtained from duplex scanning alone. There were 53 vein and 3 prosthetic grafts in the series. The indications for intervention without angiography were stenotic or occlusive lesions in 35, graft aneurysm in 7, and arteriovenous fistulae in 14. There were no deviations from the preoperatively planned surgical strategy in patients undergoing surgery without preoperative angiography. Cumulative life table primary, (stenosis free) and primary-assisted patency rates, at 12 months following graft revisions (excluding arteriovenous fistulae ligatures) without preoperative angiography, were 64% and 85%, respectively. The corresponding figures for revisions performed with preoperative angiography were 58% and 84%, respectively. There were no significant differences between patients undergoing surgery with or without preoperative diagnostic angiography with regard to patency rates. Surgical interventions for correction of infrainguinal graft-related stenotic or aneurysmal lesions can be safely performed based on findings obtained from duplex scanning.