In recent decades, changes in stand structure in Central European fir-beech forests, such as accumulation of large-diameter firs, fir dieback, and poor regeneration, have been well documented. Besides environmental factors, light harvesting was suggested as one of the main drivers of the negative structural dynamics of these forests in Croatia. This study applied the MOSES 3.0 stand simulator on permanent sample plot data to reconstruct stand development over the past 20 years and simulate long-term projections of selection stand structure and regeneration with respect to theoretical values, using three management regimes differing by the applied harvesting intensity (traditionally applied, theoretical intensity, and no management). Sample plot data from three sets of detailed measurements (1992, 2002, and 2012) were used for validation of the simulator, and eleven 10-year cycles of management were then simulated under the above management scenarios. Results showed a positive influence of harvest intensity on stand regeneration and the achievement of a targeted selection structure in the long term. Two management scenarios predicted a decrease in stand volume (34% and 40%, respectively), an increase in the initial percentage (28%) of beech and maple (58% and 75%, respectively), and the achievement of optimal stand regeneration of 11-13 recruited trees per hectare annually (60% firs). No management scenario could achieve old-growth structure (accumulation of standing stock, large trees, and deadwood). The theoretical intensity scenario was evaluated as the better approach to be applied in this type of forest stands in Croatia.
Raznodobne jelovo-bukove šume u Republici Hrvatskoj zauzimaju oko 157 000 ha. Tijekom povijesti njima se upravljalo različitim načinima gospodarenja, od jednodobnog do prebornog gospodarenja. Kao rezultat povijesne integracije hrvatskog šumarstva u njemačku šumarsku školu i uz jedinstvene ekološke značajke dinarskog područja, primarno se primjenjuje preborni način gospodarenja. U današnje vrijeme zbog različitih biotskih i abiotskih utjecaja, većina bukovo-jelovih šuma u Hrvatskoj ima prijelaznu strukturu između jednodobne i one preborne. Strukturu karakterizira velika drvna zaliha, mali prirast, loša vitalnost, slaba obnova jele i sve veći udio obične bukve. Takav ogledni primjer je i stalna pokusna ploha koja se nalazi u sjevernom dinarskom području Hrvatske i kojom gospodare “Hrvatske šume” d.o.o. Zagreb, a ujedno je i predmet ovog istraživanja. Cilj članka jest istražiti različite modele određivanja sječa koji će usmjeriti šumu u stabilniju prebornu strukturu s optimalanim prirastom i s odgovarajućim volumnim udjelom jele. Ulazni podaci dobiveni su sukcesivnim mjerenjima na stalnoj pokusnoj plohi u bukovo-jelovoj sastojini. Simulator šumskih stabala i sastojina, MOSES version 3.0, testiran je na primjenjivost u lokalnim uvjetima i korišten je za projekciju budućeg gospodarenja. Četiri scenarija temeljena na različitim modelima izračuna sječe korištena su za simulaciju mogućih smjerova budućeg gospodarenja s naglaskom na ciljani volumni udio jele, prirodnu obnovu jele, uspostavu i održavanje preborne strukture. Svi scenariji predviđaju smanjenje volumena jele praćeno agresivnom regeneracijom obične bukve te djelomično postizanje preborne strukture. Krajnje strukture šumskih sastojina (nakon 110 godina) uspoređene su i rangirane na temelju sastojinskih i ekonomskih pokazatelja. S gledišta ekološke, šumsko-gospodarske i ekonomske održivosti, model izračuna sječe koji je temeljen na trenutnoj drvnoj zalihi i desetogodišnjem prirastu pokazao se kao najbolji među istraženim scenarijima.
The environmental, social and economic potential of Dinaric uneven-aged forests along with the complex stand dynamics influenced by different long-term management approaches and environmental factors require comprehensive forest monitoring. This study aimed to explore differences in the current status and recent past dynamics of stand structures between unmanaged and managed mixed fir-beech forests in the Croatian part of the Dinaric Alps using large-scale data from an established monitoring system. From the 74 permanent sample plots distributed within the forest type measured in 2008 and re-measured in 2019, we stratified four strata (types of management regimes): (1) forests out of regular management and tree harvest for at least 30 years, (2) managed state forests on carbonate bedrock, (3) managed state forests on non-carbonate bedrock and (4) managed private forests. In each sample plot, 34 structural attributes were computed to assess indicators of their current status and recent past dynamics of stands in the studied forests. An increasing Q shape diameter distribution with a high number of large and very large trees characterize unmanaged forests and managed forests on non-carbonate bedrock. In managed state forests and private forests, variable (rotated sigmoid) and constant (negative exponential) results were obtained, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) distinguished managed and unmanaged forests with decreasing harvest volume and recruitment, increasing basal area, number of very large trees, average diameter at breast height (DBH), crown defoliation of firs and basal area of died beech trees. The current structure, recent and expected stand dynamics in the unmanaged forests (accumulation of standing volume, increase of large diameter trees and large snags, large share of beech, large mean DBH) can be recognized as old-growth attributes. The differences between the studied forest types, potential of both unmanaged and state managed fir-beech forests and approaches to sustain multifunctional forest management in the Dinaric region were discussed.
Većina privatnih šumoposjednika u Hrvatskoj ima šumoposjed manji od 1 ha, što predstavlja značajan ograničavajući čimbenik u gospodarenju šumama. Cilj ovoga rada je ispitati povezanost sociodemografskih značajki šumoposjednika i obilježja šumoposjeda s razinom zainteresiranosti šumoposjednika za kupnju, zamjenu ili prodaju čestica pod šumom, u svrhu okrupnjavanja i povećanja suvislosti posjeda. Neposrednim anketiranjem ispitano je 500 šumoposjednika na području kontinentalne Hrvatske. Za dobivene podatke napravljena je statistička deskriptivna obrada, te izračunate mjere korelacije i testiranje razlika pojedinih kategorija. Rezultati ukazuju na jasnu povezanost sociodemografski, regionalnih i drugih obilježja šumoposjednika s razinom zainteresiranosti za okrupnjavanje šumoposjeda. Tipičan šumoposjednik zainteresiran za povećanje šumoposjeda je muškarac mlađi od 50 godina, sa završenom srednjom školom ili fakultetom, iz središnje Hrvatske koji je svoj posjed stekao kupnjom i već je aktivan bilo u udrugama šumoposjednika, bilo da koristi savjetodavne usluge Ministarstva poljoprivrede. Premali udio šumoposjednika zainteresiranih za prodaju šumoposjeda (18,9%) onemogućava daljnje okrupnjavanje. Prema tomu, mjere regulatora treba usmjeriti na proces nasljeđivanja, oprezivanje negospodarenja šumoposjedom i daljnje subvencioniranje aktivnog i disperziranog gospodarenja šumama (biomasa, nedrvni šumski proizvodi, općekorisne funkcije šuma, naknade za pohranu ugljika, naknade za ciljane vrste).
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