a b s t r a c tThe distribution of 19 azole class pesticides in hexane/aqueous-organic mixtures systems and rapeseed oil (or oil solution in hexane)/organic solvents has been studied at 20 ± 1°C. The distribution constants (P) and coefficients (D) between hydrocarbon and polar phase are calculated. It is found that all the studied pesticides are hydrophobic, i.e., in hexane-water system log P ) 0. Replacement of water by organic solvents results in sharp log P falling, and their values become negative. It is revealed that solutions of strong inorganic acids in anhydrous acetonitrile extract azole class pesticides from hexane and vegetable oils most fully and selectively. In particular, the acidification of acetonitrile causes a drop of D values in 50-2000 times for the majority of the studied pesticides. This phenomenon was used for the development of the improved technique for the quantitative analysis of a widely used azole class pesticides, which can be presented at trace levels in rapeseed oil. The proposed methodology is based on dissociation extraction (DE) of azoles using perchloric acid in anhydrous acetonitrile, with following clean-up of acetonitrile extract from organic impurities by hexane and aqueous solution of dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate, and final GC-ECD (gas chromatography with electron capture detection) determination of azole fungicides. The values of obtained recoveries were between 85% and 115% with RSD values below 10%. The obtained limits of quantitation, ranged from 3.0 to 300 lg kg À1 , are below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by the European Union for the majority of pesticides. The developed method was successfully applied to different rapeseed oil samples.
The distribution of 40 pesticides of basic nature in different extraction systems was studied at 20 ± 1°C. The distribution constants (P) and distribution ratios (D) between n-hexane and polar phases are calculated. It was found that the studied pesticides are most fully and selectively extracted from hexane and vegetable oils by solutions of perchloric acid in acetonitrile. In particular, the acidification of acetonitrile decreases the D-value of fenpropimorph by 29,000 times. This phenomenon was used for the development of an improved technique for the quantitative analysis of widely used pesticides of basic nature in rapeseed, linseed, sunflower and olive oils by GC-MS. The proposed approach allows obtaining much purer sample extracts, compared with the use of standard solvent extraction with further purification by the freezing-out technique. This approach expands the range of pesticides (flutriafol, fenpropidine, metazachlor, cyprodinil and others) that can be determined by GC-MS. The recovery values of the studied pesticides from vegetable oils were between 85% and 115% with RSD values below 10%. The obtained limits of detection ranged from 0.001 to 0.1 mg kg(-)(1), and are below or equal to the maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by the European Union for the corresponding pesticides.
Вступ. На сьогоднішній день вектор України спрямований на євроінтеграцію, яка опирається на здійснення глибоких системних перетворень у державі, панування в ній демократії та верховенства права, модернізацію політичної системи для захисту прав людини, формування цілісної демократичної ідентичності українського суспільства, поширення сучасних технологій політичного та економічного менеджменту, закріплення України як конкурентоспроможного та інвестиційного привабливого учасника глобальної економіки. Входження України до об'єднаної європейської спільноти детермінувало необхідність розв'язання низки внутрішньополітичних проблем, формування стратегій інноваційного соціально-економічного поступу, розробка оптимальних та ефективних підходів до формування зовнішньої політики, спрямованих на зміцнення позицій України в Європі й світі, модернізації освітньої і науково-технічної галузей, активізації людського капіталу тощо.
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