Lignin, a complex aromatic polymer, is produced in large quantities as a by-product of the papermaking and biofuel industries. Lignin is renewable and recent literature has shown its increasing for...

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This paper studied the radiation hardness of low gain avalanche detector (LGAD) developed by the Novel Device Laboratory (NDL) in Beijing and the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) of Chinese Academy of Sciences, in the context of an upgrade project of the ATLAS detector for the high luminosity phase of LHC. NDL LGAD sensors with di↵erent layouts, epitaxial resistivity, doping profile were irradiated up to 1.02 ⇥10 15 n eq /cm 2 by 70 MeV proton at Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC). The timing resolution of NDL LGAD sensors reached 50 picoseconds (ps) and the collected charge reached 3-4 Femtocoulombs (fC) after irradiation.

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