The authors proffer the hypothesis that the most important issue in all of the previously studied global economic problems is the imperfection of the production process. Innovations stimulate the improvement of the production process and provide solutions to global economic problems. Thus, the purpose of this article is to verify this hypothesis and determine the role of innovations in overcoming global economic problems. To verify the hypothesis, the authors use analysis of causal connections, problem and systemic analysis, economic and mathematical modeling, and a developed proprietary economic and mathematical model of the production process. The authors conduct an analysis of global economic problems at present and in perspective and determine the role of innovations in overcoming these global economic problems. The offered hypothesis is proven, and it is substantiated, based on the problem of resource limitations, disproportions of economic growth, and crises in the global economy, that innovations play an important role in solving global economic problems. For example, innovations lead to improvements in the production process because the consumption of resources is reduced and the volume of manufactured goods is increased, which solves the problem of resource limitations. Furthermore, the implementation of production innovations in enterprises in the least developed countries stimulates their economic development and reduces the level of countries' differentiation in the global economy. Accordingly, the authors determine the directions of development with respect to the innovation activities of modern enterprises for overcoming global economic problems, and they develop an algorithm for the development of the modern global economy.

The article attempts to analyze the application of lean manufacturing tools and techniques in the service sector for their further standardization. Initially, lean manufacturing arose and found application at industrial enterprises, and for some time it was believed that lean processes work effectively only in the manufacturing sector. However, the examples of the application of lean manufacturing tools in practice, given in this article, make it possible to show their effectiveness even in such an area of economic activity as the service sector, the specialty of which is the intangibility, intangibility of the service itself. The analysis showed that almost all the methods given in the standard are applicable and effective for the service sector. The peculiarity of the lean manufacturing tools and methods application for the service sector was at the initial stage the correct and reliable value determination of the service as a product. The possibilities of lean manufacturing tools using in various service sectors were analyzed on the specific examples, taking into account international and national standards in the field of lean manufacturing and activities classified at the national level. The main directions of standardization of lean manufacturing tools in the service sector are proposed.

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The paper relies upon the fact that actually there are no proper conditions created in Russia to increase the performance of public law entities both in state (municipal) sector and state (municipal) services, their availability, and quality provision. The aim of this paper is studying the activity of public law entities of all levels to increase the efficiency of Russia's budget system costs. To achieve the goal, authors started to solve problems like indicating the place of Russia in a world ratings and indicators showing the quality of the state activity, defining a set of approaches to increase the efficiency of performance-based budgeting, examining the concept of budget system reform, identifying appropriate conditions to increase the efficiency of federal and local budgets, describing the essential problems of public law entities' activity in increasing the cost efficiency course and their solutions. Some conclusions in introducing of state entities' budget costs standards, proper budget transfers' allocation pattern, state policy funds' diversification, and budget funds flows' as well as public law activity's transparency gain are provided in the paper.