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antihyperglycemic, 8,9) anti-inflammatory 10,11) and antimalarial activities.12-15) Phyto-Riker (Gihoc) Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Accra, Ghana) has developed an herbal preparation (Phyto-laria ® ) from the dried root of C. sanguinolenta for the treatment of malaria. According to clinical studies, this tea-bag formulation of the root powder (2.5 g) has been shown to be highly effective in the treatment of acute uncomplicated malaria, with an overall cure rate of 93.5%. Moreover, the laboratory findings did not suggest any toxicity. 16)However, indoloquinoline alkaloids are quite a rare group of natural products. This fact caused significant interest for the synthesis of indoloquinoline alkaloid derivatives, because of their potential biomedical and pharmaceutical value. 1,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Previous studies have indicated that all indolo[2,3-b]-quinolines belonging to the 5H-series possess interesting biological activities, including inhibition of the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and pathogenic fungi, cytotoxicity against KB cells and stimulation of the formation of calf thymus topoisomerase II mediated DNA cleavage. 17) 5,11-Dimethyl-5H-indolo [2,3-b] quinoline (DIMIQ), a benzoiso-α-carboline derivative, is one of the most interesting and active representatives of this group (Fig. 1). DIMIQ displayed strong antibacterial, antimycotic and cytotoxic activity in vitro as well as significant antitumor properties in vivo. 17,28,29) The influence of analogs of indolo [2,3-b] quinolines on cell cycle effects and their cytotoxicity have been extensively studied in vitro against several cell lines of different origin. Additionally, their ability to inhibit topoisomerase II activity was also evaluated. 18,[30][31][32][33] Osiadacz et al. have performed energy calculations for different DIMIQ orientations inside the DNA duplex. The studies have shown that the most preferred intercalation position, characterized by the lowest complex energy, was the parallel orientation of the long DIMIQ axis and the neighbor base-pair axes. 34)Since therapeutic and toxic effects of drugs are strongly influenced by their lipid affinity, the study of interactions with membranes was necessary. It was also of major importance to Regular Article

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Liposomes act as efficient drug carriers. Recently, epirubicin (EPI) formulation was developed using a novel EDTA ion gradient method for drug encapsulation. This formulation displayed very good stability and drug retention in vitro in a two-year long-term stability experiment. The cryo-TEM images show drug precipitate structures different than ones formed with ammonium sulfate method, which is usually used to encapsulate anthracyclines. Its pharmacokinetic properties and its efficacy in the human breast MDA-MB-231 cancer xenograft model were also determined. The liposomal EPI formulation is eliminated slowly with an AUC of 7.6487, while the free drug has an AUC of only 0.0097. The formulation also had a much higher overall antitumor efficacy than the free drug.