This is the first report using the RACHS-1 category as a risk factor for invasive candidiasis in patients with congenital heart defects in the pediatric intensive care unit. Further studies must be conducted to validate the risk factors for candidemia in this pediatric population.

This study evaluated the degree of neurological compromise in HIV-infected children accompanied by the outpatient clinic of infectious diseases and pediatric neurology of the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) starting in 1995. Long-term progressive prospective and cross sectional study of 88 children infected by HIV and 84 seroreverter children, using data from general neurological examinations, neuroimaging procedures (brain CT scan) and neurodevelopmental tests (CAT/CLAMS and DENVER I and II). Neurological and neurodevelopmental alterations were found in 82% of the HIV-infected patients and in 36% of the HIV-seroreverter group (P <0.01). In the CAT/ CLAMS test, the development quotient (DQ) of the HIV-infected group was significantly lower than that of the HIV-seroreverter group. CAT/CLAMS scores lower than 70 (mental deficiency) were found in 31% of the HIV-infected patients during the first year of life and in only 1% of the patients of the HIV-seroreverter group, demonstrating the validity of this screening test for precocious detection of alterations in the neurodevelopment of infected patients. The same occurred with the Denver I and II tests, as the HIV-infected group failed more frequently than the HIV-seroreverter group. Nine HIVinfected children presented altered brain CT scans; calcification of basal ganglia was the main finding (five cases). Encephalopathy due to HIV causes early arrest of neurodevelopment, which can be detected with screening tests during the first year of life.

Data from this study suggest that sepsis and septic shock, acute renal insufficiency, and risks like mechanical ventilation and dialysis are associated with increased mortality in pediatric patients. The mortality among patients with candidemia is high, and there is no species difference in mortality rates. Regarding the resistance rates, it is important to emphasize the presence of low resistance in this series.

Although the study does not allow firm conclusions to be drawn as to whether antibiotic prophylaxis is effective, we describe a practical approach, including an educational campaign and targeted antibiotic treatment to close contacts who have been exposed to an index patient for > 24 hours/week before the initial disease onset.

RESUMOIntrodução: grande parte dos diagnósticos da infecção pelo HIV em mulheres ocorre durante a gestação e a transmissão vertical é a principal forma de aquisição do HIV em crianças. Assim, a assistência pré-natal representa excelente oportunidade para ações profiláticas, visto que sem medidas de intervenção durante a gestação, a taxa de transmissão do HIV atinge 30%. Objetivo: o presente estudo descreve as ações do Programa Mãe Curitibana em relação às gestantes HIV-positivo e a transmissão vertical. Métodos: análise retrospectiva no período de 2000 a 2009 dos dados de notificação e assistência de gestantes HIV-positivo residentes em Curitiba. Resultados: na ausência de intervenções, calcula-se que dentre as 1.169 gestantes HIV-positivo notificadas de 2000-2009 poderiam ocorrer 350 infecções verticais. Neste contexto, o total de 44 recém-nascidos infectados nestes 10 anos evidencia que as intervenções realizadas para evitar a transmissão contribuíram para evitar um total de 306 crianças infectadas verticalmente pelo HIV em Curitiba. Medidas como a testagem HIV descentralizada de gestantes, parturientes e parceiros, o referenciamento para acompanhamento especializado, a medicação antirretroviral na gestação, no parto e para o RN, cesariana eletiva quando indicada, inibição da lactação e acompanhamento de puerpério e puericultura mostraram-se eficazes para esta redução da transmissão. Com esforços, a taxa de transmissão que em 1999 se encontrava em 5,1% passou para 2,5% em 2009. Conclusão: a captação precoce da gestante, o diagnóstico laboratorial, a organização dos fluxos, medidas rápidas de intervenção, adesão ao tratamento, acompanhamento da criança e da mulher são ações do Programa Mãe Curitibana que têm auxiliado na diminuição da transmissão vertical do HIV. Palavras-chave: assistência pré-natal, transmissão vertical do HIV, Programa Mãe Curitibana, DST ABSTRACT Introduction: the majority of diagnoses of HIV infection in women occur during pregnancy and the mother-to-child transmission is the main form of HIV infection in children. Therefore, prenatal care represents an excellent opportunity for prophylaxis, because without intervention measures during pregnancy, the rate of HIV transmission reaches 30%. Objective: this study describes the actions of the "Mãe Curitibana" Program in relation to HIV positive pregnant women and the mother-to-child HIV transmission. Methods: retrospective analysis of 2000 to 2009 assistance and reporting data of HIV positive pregnant women living in Curitiba. Results: it is estimated that among the 1,169 HIV positive pregnant women reported in this period could occur 350 vertical infections. In this context, a total of 44 infected infants in these 10 years show that interventions to prevent transmission contributed to avoid a total of 306 vertically HIV infected children in Curitiba. Measures such as decentralized HIV testing of pregnant women, parturient and partners, referrals to specialized treatment, so as antiretroviral medication during pregnancy, childbirth and the newb...