The molecular mechanisms involved in the development of a high level of resistance to a wide range of antimicrobials in Burkholderia pseudomallei and closely related species have not been sufficiently investigated. In the present study, the properties of B. pseudomallei, B. mallei and B. thailandensis mutants with increased resistance to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins were analysed. Resistance to pefloxacin, ofloxacin and ceftazidime in B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis was accompanied by an increased resistance to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, macrolides and chloramphenicol, whereas mutants of B. mallei were characterized by a narrower spectrum of resistance. With the use of the differential display technique, we demonstrated that multiple resistant variants of B. pseudomallei, B. mallei and B. thailandensis had an increased expression of putative efflux transporters belonging to the resistance-nodulation division superfamily and the major facilitator superfamily. With the application of PCR-single-stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and sequencing, point mutations in gyrA quinolone-resistance determining region were detected in the part of multiple resistant B. pseudomallei and B. mallei mutants. These results indicate that various molecular mechanisms are involved in the development of multiple drug resistance in pathogenic Burkholderia and may be useful for further studying the adaptability of this microorganism and optimization of treatment.

обмен данными между своими и внешними информационными системами. Источник: рассчитано авторами по данным ВШЭ.

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In the context of digital economy, as it tends to toughen the competition and present new opportunities and methods for business optimization, a growing number of industrial companies set up digital transformation projects. The main goal of the article is to review and systematize the potential benefits, costs and risks of digital transformation for companies from the point of informational approach. In addition, the study proves the significance of further research in the area of digital transformation of enterprises and presents the comparison of digital transformation costs with other investment costs. In order to meet the goals of research, the methods of scientific and applied literature review systematization, comparison and synthesis have been used. The authors have generalized the existing views on the benefits of digital projects implementation, identifying three common groups among them. Based on results of quantitative analysis of the research, the authors have noted the growing interest of scientific community, including in Russia, in digital transformation area. Furthermore, most common digitization costs of Russian companies (especially, industrial ones) have been highlighted, and the interrelation with investment costs has been stated. The authors have made a conclusion on the prevailing nature of infrastructural digital costs. Besides, the assumptions for the future increase in digital costs have been explained. In conclusion, the most common risks of digital transformation projects have been reviewed. Finally, the authors have underlined the importance of setting up efficient cost and risk management system for digital transformation projects in advance that proves the value of the research for both business and scientific circles.