Understanding how the environment and production and cultivation practices influence the composition and quality of food crops is fundamental to the production of high-quality nutritious foods. In this 3-year study, total phenolics, percent soluble solids, ascorbic acid, and the flavonoid aglycones quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin were measured in two varieties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Ropreco and Burbank) and two varieties of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L. cv. California Wonder and Excalibur) grown by certified organic and conventional practices in a model system. Significantly higher levels of percent soluble solids (17%), quercetin (30%), kaempferol (17%), and ascorbic acid (26%) were found in Burbank tomatoes (fresh weight basis; FWB), whereas only levels of percent soluble solids (10%) and kaempferol (20%) were significantly higher in organic Ropreco tomatoes (FWB). Year-to-year variability was significant, and high values from 2003 influenced the 3-year average value of quercetin reported for organic Burbank tomatoes. Burbank tomatoes generally had higher levels of quercetin, kaempferol, total phenolics, and ascorbic acid as compared to Ropreco tomatoes. Bell peppers were influenced less by environment and did not display cropping system differences.
quality and pest management. Choosing the right cover crop is critical to successful cover cropping. Cover crops were frequently used on California farms in the first half of this century, but were rarely grown after the 1950s, when pesticides and fertilizers came into widespread use. In the last decade, however, farmers and researchers have taken a renewed interest in cover crops because of their potential role in reducing chemical inputs and improving soil quality. Cover crops are now recognized as an important component of "sustainable" production in most areas of California. Cover cropping can have both advantages and disadvantages (see sidebar, page 46). Proper choice and management of cover crops are important in maximizing the benefits and reducing potential problems. To select a species or mix, the grower should first determine the primary benefits he or she desires. Then consider the specific
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