Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins are referred to as CRISPR-Cas9. Bacteria and archaea have an adaptive (acquired) immune system. As a result, developing the best single regulated RNA and Cas9 endonuclease proteins and implementing the method in clinical practice would aid in the treatment of diseases of various origins, including lung cancers. This seminar aims to provide an overview of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, as well as current and potential applications and perspectives for the method, as well as its mechanism of action in lung cancer therapy. This technology can be used to treat lung cancer in two different ways. The first approach involves creating single directed RNA and Cas9 proteins and then distributing them to cancer cells using suitable methods. Single directed RNA looks directly at the lung’s mutated epidermal growth factor receptor and makes a complementary match, which is then cleaved with Cas9 protein, slowing cancer progression. The second method is to manipulate the expression of ligand-receptors on immune lymphocytic cells. For example, if the CRISPR-Cas9 system disables the expression of cancer receptors on lymphocytes, it decreases the contact between the tumor cell and its ligand-receptor, thus slowing cancer progression.

Aflatoxin M1 is the most significant toxin of milk and milk products. It is immunosuppressive, mutagenic, and carcinogenic compounds to humans. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the concentration of aflatoxin M1 and its determinants in raw cow milk sample intended for human consumption in South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia.A cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 100 dairy farmers from January to February 2020. Around 50 ml, 100 raw milk samples were collected for aflatoxin M1 analysis. A simple random sampling technique was applied to get the households.Binary and multivariate logistic regressions were used to see the association between predictor and outcome variables. From the 100 dairy farmers who had participated, 38% had heard about aflatoxin in the milk sample. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in the 99(99%) raw milk samples, of these 41 (41%) exceeded the limit of the European Union. The logistic regression analysis result showed that residence, awareness about the level of aflatoxin in the milk sample, management mold-contaminated animal feed, animal feed storage facility, and grazing systems were significantly associated with the high level of aflatoxin in the milk sample. Almost all milk samples analyzed were positive for aflatoxin M1, and 41% of samples were above the limit set by European Union. Many easily manageable and preventable factors were associated with higher levels of aflatoxin M1 in the milk sample than the European Union limit, which suggests continuous monitoring of milk and milk products is necessary.

Background TB-HIV co-infection is the most common problem of African countries, especially, Sub-Saharan countries including Ethiopia. So this study aimed to assess TB-HIV co-infection with its associated factors in patients with Tuberculosis in Northwest Ethiopia. Although the prevalence of TB-HIV was low, the need for strengthening the health extension program especially in urban dwellers also needed to include TB-HIV testing. Objective This study aimed to assess TB-HIV co-infection with its associated factors in patients with Tuberculosis in Northwest Ethiopia. Methodology Institutional based cross-sectional study has been done and a total of 638 subjects participated in the study. The data of the study subjects were collected from the tuberculosis logbook using two trained data collectors who were work in the TB DOTS program and by using a well-prepared checklist and SPSS was used for analyzing data. Results 9.7% (62/638) of TB patients were found to be co-infected with HIV. Among these 32 (11.4%) were females and 30 (8.4%) were males. More infected individuals were found in urban residents 44 (20%) than rural residents and age groups 30–40 years 31 (22.5%) are more infected than the other age group. TBforms, age, and residence were associated with HIV/TB co-infection significantly. Conclusions and Recommendations Although the prevalence of TB-HIV was low, the need for strengthening the health extension program especially in urban dwellers is needed to include TB-HIV testing. Further surveys involving HIV infected TB patients to strengthen and scale-up for TB and HIV is needed.