Over the past few years, there has been evidence of the increasing prevalence of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases consist of many complex disorders of unknown etiology resulting in immune responses to self-antigens. The immune system, and its function, is under complex and integrated control and its disruption can be triggered by multiple factors. Autoimmunity development is influenced by multiple factors and is thought to be a result of interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Here, we review the role of a specific environmental factor, bisphenol A (BPA), in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. BPA belongs to the group of environmental estrogens that have been identified as risk factors involved in the development of autoimmune diseases.

Based on a systematic review of the literature, description of previous classification schemes and new anatomical knowledge, a new comprehensive classification scheme for ECU tendon problems at the wrist is described.

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Objectives To present a rare variant of internal carotid artery anatomy. Methods Case report presenting CT angiography finding of internal carotid anatomy variant. Results We present the case of an unusual origin of the occipital artery from cervical portion of the internal carotid artery as an incidental finding during CT angiography of the carotid arteries. In discussion, we discuss the possible embryological basis, incidence and prevalence of such finding and its possible clinical implications. Conclusion One of the specific aspects of carotid arteries is their straightforward anatomy – the cervical portion of internal carotid artery, unlike the external carotid, does not give origin to any branches – this aspect is even used as a highlight for orientation, e.g. during ultrasound examination. However, although rare, variants exist, and sometimes can have clinical importance – in the endovascular access or surgical treatment.