Despite the noteworthy migration rate, FCSEMSs should be considered effective for refractory benign biliary strictures. Further studies are needed to assess their role as a first approach in the management of BBS.

For endotherapy of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation, metallic stents should not be used as the primary modality. In patients in whom the standard approach fails, treatment with temporary SEMS placement can solve biliary complications in almost three-quarters of cases; however stent migration(33 %) remains a problem.

No abstract

In the largest cohort on this argument reported to date, the addition of an IM was an effective and safe optimization strategy after loss of response to anti-TNFα monotherapy. Low doses of IM were sufficient to achieve a clinical response.