'No eye contact' and 'no awareness of surroundings' identifies ED. 'Abnormal facial expression', 'crying', and 'inconsolability' indicate acute pain in children in the early postoperative period.

No abstract

IV fentanyl before surgery but not IV clonidine modifies e-PONB in children undergoing lower abdominal surgery under general anesthesia supplemented with regional anesthesia. The use of fentanyl in this population was also associated with reduced pain scores after awakening but with significantly greater incidence of PONV.

It is difficult to differentiate between ED and pain using FLACC and PAED scores. 'No eye contact', 'No purposeful action', and 'No awareness of surroundings' significantly correlated with ED. 'Inconsolability' and 'Restlessness' are not reliable enough to identify pain or ED in the first 15 min after awakening.