Abstract. Ransaleleh TA, Wahyuni I, Kawatu M, Nangoy MJ, Wiantoro S. 2021. Behavior of the black flying fox, Pteropus alecto (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in cages. Biodiversitas 22: 5657-5665. Hunting and illegal trading have become a common thread for the black flying fox in Sulawesi, Indonesia. However, information on its biology and behavior as a baseline for conservation and management program is still lacking. Therefore, this study aims to examine the behavioral activities of black flying fox, Pteropus alecto (Temminck, 1837) kept in cages through direct observation. The results showed that feeding was carried out by descending to the bottom of the cage before picking up fruits with the mouth and wings. Furthermore, the time associated with this process ranged from 06.01 to 10.00, while agonistic behavior performed using claws and wings took place from 10.01 to 14.00 in the daytime and 22.01 to 02.00 at night. Grooming was carried out using the tongue and wings, from 14.01 to 18.00 during the day and 22.01 to 02.00 during the night. Subsequently, the bats slept by perching with the eyes closed and the whole body wrapped with the wings from 02.01 to 10.00, while locomotion and stationary behaviors were performed by perching with eyes open and flying around the cage with the wings spread apart from 10.01 to 14.00 during the day and 22.01 to 02.00 at night. The percentage of day and night behavior activities consist of agonistic 0.12%, grooming 6.14%, eating 19.36%, sleeping 56.33%, and stationary and locomotive 17.76%. The results improve the understanding of P. alecto's daily activities in the cage which are difficult to observe in the wild and provide insight for conservation and wildlife management. Furthermore, information from this study is useful for future bat captivity programs.

EFFECT OF SOME SUBSTITUTION RATION TOMATO WITH WHEAT (SolanumLycopersicum L) ON HEAVY EGGS, WEIGHT YELLOW CHICKEN EGGS AND EGG MASS RAS. This study aims to determine the most ration with flour substitute tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L) on egg weight, yolk weight and mass of eggs. This research was conducted at the Company's Ranch Dharma Gunawan, located in the District Kayuwatu Mapanget Manado City, from September 14 to 16 November 2014. Measuring the quality of the eggs is done in Laboratory Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Animal Sciences University of Sam Ratulangi, using 100 chickens race laying. The material is divided into 25 units of cages, each occupied 4 tails. Research design used is completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments with 5 replications. As for the level of treatment that is R0 = basic ration without using flour tomatoes, R1 = basic ration 98% + 2% tomato powder, basic ration R2 = 96% + 4% tomato powder, R3 = basic ration 94% + 6% tomato powder, R4 = basic ration 92% + 8% flour tomatoes. Variables observed included egg weight, yolk weight, and egg mass. Results of analysis of variance showed that the treatment was not significant effect (P> 0.05) on egg weight, yolk weight and mass of eggs. It can be concluded that the substitution of 2% -8% tomato powder no effect on the quality of egg weight, yolk weight and mass of eggs. Keywords: Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L), Egg, Chicken laying

Abstract. Ransaleleh TA, Wahyuni I, Kawatu M, Laatung S, Lambey L, Rembet UNWJ. 2022. Growth of Pteropus alecto bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in cages. Biodiversitas 23: 6313-6319. Black Flying Fox (Pteropus alecto), known as Paniki yaki, is widely consumed by the residents of Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is imported from outside the provinces of Gorontalo, Central Sulawesi, and South Sulawesi. The peak of selling bats in Sulawesi is during Thanksgiving Day and religious holidays such as Easter, Christmas, and New Year. Even though the conservation status of this species, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), is of Least Concern, this species will one day become extinct due to continuous exploration without control. Conservation or cultivation is one of the efforts to preserve this type of bat. Cultivation will be successful when the growth of this mammal is outside the habitat. Therefore, research has been conducted on breeding this animal in cages using five bats. The bats had been taken from the captivity in Wanea Sub-district, Manado city, 58-533 days old. The fruits given as food are papaya, banana, and mango, and the variables measured were the amount of consumption, body weight gain, and morphometry. Furthermore, the data obtained were tabulated and narrated descriptively. The results showed that consumption of P. alecto 1,2,3,4 and 5 fruits were 110.64, 147.86, 192.61, 249.18, and 331.61 g/day, with body weight gain of 0.50, 0.53, 0.96, 1, 17, 1, and 50 g/day. The morphometric growth of P. alecto 1 was total body length 0.10, forearm 0.06, tibia 0.03, ear 0.01 and wingspan 0.08 mm/day. Sequentially, the morphometric growth of P. alecto 2 was 0.11, 0.07, 0.05, 0.01 and 0.12 mm/day, while P. alecto 3 was 0.29, 0.13, 0.06, 0.03, and 0.89 mm/day. The growth of P. alecto 4 was 0.19, 0.02, 0.02.0.01 and 0.89 mm/day, while P. alecto 5 was 0.20, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01 and 0.85 mm/day. In conclusion, the 1st and 2nd P. alecto were in early bone growth, while the 3rd P. alecto was in bone and meat growth, meanwhile, the 4th and 5th P. alecto were in meat and slow bone growth.

The research is purposed to examine effects of garlic flour (Allium Sativum) and pecan oil (Aleurites Mollucana) combination in feeding against egg’s performance and quality from the MB 402 egg-layers. 200 egg-layers of the MB 402 were taken as samples in this research. Complete Randomized Design was utilized for 5 treatments and repetitions. Each of repetitions contained 8 egg-layers of the MB 402. Then, the treatment used was as follows: P0 = 100 % of Basal Feed (PB), P1 = 95% of Basal Diet (BD)+ 4% Garlic Flour ( GF) + 1% of pecan oil (PO); P2 = 95% of Basal Diet (BD) + 3 % (GF) +2 % (PO), P3 = 95% of Basal Diet (BD) + 2 % (GF) + 3% (PO), P4 = 95 % of Basal Diet (BD) + 1 % (GF) + 4 % (PO). Additionally, variables observed comprised of egg’s protein, albumen protein, cholesterol, and egg shell’s calcium and phosphor. As result, this research finds that combination of garlic flour and pecan oil in feeding up to 1% GF and 4 % PO demonstrated significant difference (P < 0,01) against egg’s albumen, protein and cholesterol, and egg shell’s calcium and phosphor, but it did not give significant effect (P > 0,05) against egg’s yolk protein. In conclusion, 1 % GF + 4% of garlic flour and pecan oil respectively, in feeding can improve egg’s albumen protein, cholesterol, and egg shell’s calcium and phosphor, but not provide similar effect on egg’s yolk protein.

Kelelawar pemakan buah adalah satwa liar yang berperan sebagai penyerbuk buah-buahan dan penyebar biji-bijian. Namun kelelawar pemakan buah dijadikan bahan pangan. Dikhatirkan populasi kelelawar akan menurun dan beberapa jenis kelelawar endemik akan terancam punah. Oleh karena itu perlu dicarikan solusinya. Salah satu solusi adalah penyuluhan dan budidaya kelelawar. PKM budidaya Kelelawar di desa Boyong Atas bertujuan mengajarkan ibu-ibu kelompok Pinasungkulan dan Mangimbali untuk membudidayakan kelelawar. Metode yang digunakan adalah penyuluhan dan demostrasi cara budidaya kelelawar. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa minat ibu-ibu untuk membudidayakan kelelawar sangat tinggi, karena  ibu-ibu mempraktekkan apa yang diajarkan. Hasil pengamatan terhadap pakan kelelawar menunjukkan bahwa pakan efektif diberikan pada sore hari. Jenis pakan yang disukai adalah pepaya masak. Kesimpulannya bahwa kelelawar dapat dibudidayakan karena dapat beradaptasi dengan kandang dan pakan yang diberikanFruit bats are wild animal that function as pollinators and spreaders of plant grains. However in North Sulawesi province, Minahasa region particularly, fruit bats are used as food. The bat population will decline and some endemic bat species threatened will be extinction, if hunting to be continued. Therefore it is necessary to find a solution. One of solution is education and cultivation. The Society Partnership Program in Boyong Atas village was aimed to teach women in the Pinasungkulan and Mangimbali groups to make bat breeding. The methods used were community outreach and demonstration of bat cultivation. The observation showed that mothers' interest was very high, because mothers practice what had been taught. Observation of bat feeding time showed that effective feed was given in the afternoon. The type of preference feed of bats was ripe papaya. In conclusion, bats can be cultivated because they can adapt well in captivity as well as the feed provided