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is concerned with issues of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) as viewed from different perspectives, included medico-legal and ethical. The medicolegal aspects of health care have been becoming more important for both health care professionals and lawyers. Inspired by interprofessional education models, we developed innovative problem-based learning sessions focused on CPGs. One of the most important activities of the centre is education, thus, a new comprehensive educational program (CEP) has been developed to disseminate information about CPGs. LEARNING OBJECTIVES (TRAINING GOALS):1. Identify different implementation strategies. 2. Get inspired by innovative medico-legal problem-based learning. METHODS: We developed the CEP focused on various aspects of CPGs, and many workshops and lectures have been held since 2008. A new interprofessional medico-legal problem-based learning program focused on the legal aspects of CPGs has been developed for both medical students and students of law and held in November 2009 for the first time. The case is based on the judgment of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic, and different problems are identified by medical and law students during the problem-based learning sessions. This new object will be listed in standard curriculum of the Medical Faculty as well as the Faculty of Law from 2010/2011. RESULTS: Interprofessional medico-legal problem-based learning program focused on legal aspects of CPGs for medical (n ϭ 4) and law (n ϭ 4) students, a pilot version. Medico-legal PBL as an optional object in 2010/2011. Evaluation of the CEP.

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This article addresses issues arising in the context of transition to democracy in Central and Eastern Europe, namely in Germany (former East Germany), Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. The contribution reflects various means of transitional justice which were applied in these countries: access to the archives of secret police, lustration and prosecution of the crimes of the past (successor trials). Central issue of this article is the criminal prosecution of communist crimes. Here authors focus their attention on two interrelated aspects: choice of applicable law and statutory limitations, which both are linked to the principle of legality. Practice and methods in prosecution of the communist crimes adopted across the analyzed countries reveal considerable heterogeneity and from comparative perspective pose a unique legal laboratory. Despite differences in applicable law, including treatment and interpretation of statutory limitations, and differences in overall outcomes of prosecution and punishment of the communist crimes, all countries were conformed to requirements of the principle of legality. The article thus confirms that states, when dealing with their past, enjoy a wide margin of appreciation.Keywords:  Communist crimes. Central and Eastern Europe. Transitional justice. Successor trials. Nullum crimen sine lege.

Summary Belligerent party being the target of military operations is under obligation to protect civilian population under its control by taking passive precautions and avoid using human shields. Prima facie such obligation is bound to the concept of “military objective”, since non-military objectives are already “immune” from targeting. However, such approach does not take into account the fact that the states have not been able to agree upon unified interpretation of the military objective. It seems counterproductive to limit the obligations to protect civilians only to military objectives. Furthermore, the law does not necessarily support such approach. While the Additional Protocol I speaks of military objectives in the passive precautions, it also includes an overall clause to protect civilians, and the specific references to military objectives should be taken as examples instead of limiting the overall obligations to protect civilians. There is no real reason to tie the obligations to protect civilians to military objectives and allow targeted party into neglecting its duties to protect civilians.