Changes in the demographic situation in the world lead to a change in the enterprises staff. These changes are associated with a life expectancy increase and, as a consequence, an increase in the economically active population over 65 years old. However, the significant increase in the number of active older generation people is directed opposite to the level of the information technology use by them. For example, the older generation is not keen on making online purchases. Thus, in the trade, the working places for older employees are retained. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the trade enterprises labor resources in Russia and the Czech Republic. We have used methods of statistical data analysis and formalized survey. The study results have showed the similar trends in the trade sector labor markets in Russia and the Czech Republic. In addition, the results of the study have revealed the directions of the older labor force use. The older people can be involved in activities with a large communication load and high value of professional experience. Older workers often act as mentors, transferring their experience to the young colleagues. Thus, the interactions between workers of different generations can accelerate the development of trade enterprises.

The chapter presents a short overview of the most relevant issues of local government's existence in the last 30 years in the Czech Republic. During this period, the Czech Republic has implemented reform of public administration in favour of greater decentralisation for local governments: increasing their responsibilities, creation of a new local government level-regions. The Czech Republic is one of the countries in the EU with the smallest average size of the municipality expressed in terms of population. This affects the pattern of local government financing and efficiency of local administration in general. The combination of small population size, small volume of the budget, lack of qualified staff, and incompetent decisions of the municipality representatives may lead to serious problems of indebtedness. To avoid this, central governments monitor municipal debt by various set of indicators. Case studies presented in the chapter indicate that even adequate regulations and monitoring mechanism do not ensure risk of municipal indebtedness.

No abstract

The article deals with the issue of fiscal decentralization in relation to compliance with fiscal discipline at the municipal level. The article evaluates the situation of selected Czech and Turkish cities. In the case of Czech cities, so-called statutory cities were selected, which, due to their size and budget, have a certain independence from the central government. In the case of Turkish cities, the largest ones were analyzed, which also have a high degree of autonomy due to their size. The unifying element of both samples is approximately similar financing conditions. In both cases, shared taxes are used, but they are in the hands of the central government, and the municipalities have no possibility to influence them. In the case of municipalities, they can receive subsidies from the central government. From the perspective of fiscal responsibility management, relations with the central government appear to be a stabilizing element. However, at the same time, strengthening revenues associated with local government could also support fiscal discipline. In particular, this possibility would be significant in the case of smaller municipalities when the share of local income in total income is increasing. Another option for discussion is the availability of debt financial instruments. In the case of Turkish cities, fiscal discipline is significantly correlated with external debt. Although Czech municipalities can easily access debt financial instruments, they cannot use foreign financing. JEL Classification: C33, C35, H71, H72, H77

Public administration is overwhelmingly crucial in providing citizens with the best accessible, affordable, effective, and efficient services. Governments need qualified human resources for satisfactory employment processes. Therefore, higher education institutions play a crucial role in supplying the education in the field of public administration. Universities and various institutes from all over the world have numerous public administration education programmes. In this context, students as well as professionals have a wide range of opportunities to get an education in public administration so as to be employed in the public or relevant sectors. In parallel with globalisation and the development of information technologies, new professions have started to emerge and significant changes have been observed in people’s learning preferences. The Czech Republic is one of the significant Central European countries to offer an education in public administration. To this end, the study examines public administration education in the Czech Republic and looks more closely at public administration education at the University of Pardubice, which offers programmes in the area of public administration and the public sector. The analysis is performed based on a statistical evaluation of students’ interest over a span of 16 years. Finally, the demand for public administration education at the University of Pardubice is analysed in order to put forth the current state of public administration education by comparing it with other relevant faculties in the Czech Republic. The conclusion of the study is devoted to considerations on the possibilities of supporting education in the Czech Republic. More consistent supervision from the position of the state seems appropriate, but also support for a family policy aimed at reconciling professional and family life.