The low carbohydrate diet is the most controversial eating model of the last few years. It reverses the well known food pyramid based on carbohydrates. Instead, it recommends eating a lot of fats, including from animal sources. Recommended by many dieticians and doctors, but denied and underestimated by others, it has became quite a mystery. This way of eating has accompanied human kind from its beginnings. Unfortunately, along with the development of civilization and the introduction of processed, tasty, carbohydrate-stuffed foods, it lost its popularity. There are many reports that prove the positive effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on human health. The goal of this paper was to gather all available data known about the impact of a low-carbohydrate diet on human general and oral health and the condition of the teeth. Keywords: ketogenic diet; carbohydrate-restricted diet; paleolithic diet. ABSTRAKTDieta niskowęglowodanowa budzi najwięcej kontrowersji spośród wszystkich modeli żywienia ostatnich lat. Odwraca znaną wszystkim piramidę żywienia, demonizuje stanowiące jej podstawę węglowodany oraz zaleca spożywanie dużych ilości tłuszczów, także tych zwierzęcych. Polecana przez wielu dietetyków i lekarzy, negowana i niedoceniana przez innych, wciąż stanowi wielką zagadkę. Taki sposób żywienia towarzyszył ludzkości od początków istnienia, jednak wraz z rozwojem cywilizacji, po wprowadzeniu przetworzonych produktów bogatych w węglowodany, stracił na popularności. Istnieje wiele doniesień na temat pozytywnego wpływu diety ograniczającej podaż węglowodanów na stan zdrowia człowieka. Celem pracy było zebranie dostępnych informacji na temat oddziaływania diety niskowęglowodanowej na zdrowie ogólne człowieka oraz uzębienie i stan jamy ustnej. Słowa kluczowe: dieta ketogeniczna; dieta ograniczająca węglo-wodany; paleo. WSTĘPOd lat trwa spór o przyczynę powstawania schorzeń ogól-noustrojowych. Wciąż panujący pogląd, zgodnie z którym tłuszcze w diecie odpowiedzialne są m.in. za choroby krąże-nia, metaboliczne, otyłość i nowotwory, zaczyna powoli odchodzić do przeszłości.W ciągu ostatnich kilku dziesięcioleci znacząco wzrosła zachorowalność na choroby cywilizacyjne takie jak próchnica zębów, cukrzyca, choroby układu sercowo-naczyniowego i nowotwory. Za sprawą Ancela Keysa spożywaniu tłusz-czów zaczęto przypisywać powodowanie wszelkich patologii. Jednak od czasu wprowadzenia jego teorii znacząco spadła konsumpcja tłuszczy, zwłaszcza tych zwierzęcych, natomiast zapadalność na wymienione schorzenia wciąż wzrasta. Jednocześnie nastąpił wzrost spożycia cukrów -od początku XX w. roczne spożycie cukru na osobę wzrosło z do kg. Dane te sugerują konieczność odrzucenia poglądu o szkodliwości tłuszczu i zmianę zaleceń dietetycznych dla ogółu populacji [ ]. DIETA NISKOWĘGLOWODANOWADieta niskowęglowodanowa charakteryzuje się niską podażą węglowodanów, wynoszącą maksymalnie do % dziennego zapotrzebowania kalorycznego. Jest to wartość uważana za minimalną, konieczną do prawidłowego funkcjonowania tkanek i narządów zależnych od glu...

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are the most common sexually transmitted infections (STI) globally. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) there are around 17.4 million women living with HIV and over 290 million HPV infected women worldwide. Purpose: This review is to summarize available data concerning the relationship between HIV and HPV infection among women. The analysis comprises molecular mechanisms of HPV infection among HIV(+) women as well as HIV infection among HPV(+) women, prevalence of HPV and cervical lesions among women living with HIV and screening of HPV and cervical cancer (CC) among HIV infected women. Material and methods: The review includes publications from 2011 to 2020. The dat a has been collected by the use of the PubMed, Ovid, Up-To-Date and WHO website. Key words used to search for references include: HPV, HIV, prevalence, molecular mechanism, screening. Results: HIV infection is a risk factor for HPV acquisition. On the one hand, prevalence of HPV, multiple HPV, high risk HPV (hrHPV) infections and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is higher among HIV(+) women. On the other hand, HPV infection can also predispose to HIV acquisition. Evidence on how these viruses influence each other can be a breakthrough in the range of prevention, detection and treatment of both HIV and HPV infection. Conclusions: Relationship between HPV and HIV is an interest of nowadays medicine. Possibly, these viruses may cooperate and enable infection of each other. It has been showed that the prevalence of HPV, multiple HPV, hrHPV infections and cervical lesions is higher among HIV(+) in comparison to HIV(-) women. Further studies should be performed providing an insight into a molecular mechanism responsible for this cooperation.

Introduction. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women. It is related to persistent HPV infection. In order to improve diagnostic methods, a lot of research has been focused on detecting HPV DNA. A test known as a highrisk HPV test or HPV primary screening provides very encouraging results. Objective.The aim of this review is to present the actual knowledge about the possibilities of cervical cancer screening methods. Particular attention is paid to the question concerning the effectiveness of detecting viral DNA as a screening programme, compared to pap smear. State of knowledge. The HPV primary screening has higher sensitivity than the cervical smear test and it is able to detect lower-stage lesions, which are considered clinically irrelevant. Nonetheless, many HPV infections recede naturally. Therefore, relying only on the results of this test may expose women to unnecessary colposcopies and stress. Due to this fact, women under 30 years should not be screened with the hrHPV test. In view of its limitations, the HPV primary screening strategy is still tested worldwide as a pilot project. In Poland in 2019, a pilot project with the hrHPV test started at the National Institute of Oncology. Conclusions. Detecting viral DNA has its advantages and disadvantages. Further research is still required, but the hrHPV test has a great opportunity to become one of the main screening programmes worldwide, or at least, a valuable addition to cervical smear test.

Introduction and purpose: This review aims to analyze causes, symptoms and diagnosis of overdosing vitamin D resulting in vitamin D toxicity (VDT).  Material and method: This paper was based on medical articles collected in Pubmed from 2008 to 2021 year. The research has been done by looking through keywords such as “vitamin D” “toxicity”.  Results: The review of studies showed that manifestation of VDT is mainly associated with hypercalcemia and its course can range from asymptomatic to life-threatening, including death. We also draw attention to inappropriate use and widespread of vitamin D products.  Conclusion: There is a high demand for medical health workers to advise patients on possible effects of inappropriate use of vitamin D products and its toxicity. Medical practitioners should be attentive to quickly identify VDT.

Introduction and purpose: Endometriosis is one of the most common diseases among women in the reproductive age. Although its etiology remains not fully understood, several models of endometriosis development are taken into consideration. Many studies have been focused on hormonal and genetic alterations in endometriosis. The results of these studies allow for a thesis on common origin of endometriosis and a few types of ovarian cancer. The aim of this review is to present actual knowledge about endometriosis' development conditions and a possible association with ovarian cancer. Material and method: The review concerned articles published in years 2012-2020, which were collected in the PubMed and Google Scholar. Particular attention was paid to the development of both the endometriosis and Endometriosis-Related Ovarian Neoplasms (ERONs) and their genetic disorders. Results: Endometriosis development is connected with several risk factors and also immune, hormonal and genetic alterations. Some authors postulated that malignant transformation of endometriosis may be a multi-step process powered by increasing levels of estrogen. Many studies confirmed that mutations of ARID1A and PIK3CA genes are likely to be present in the majority of cases of ovarian cancer with adjacent endometriosis. Conclusions: The awareness of clinical features and medical complications of endometriosis is spreading increasingly around the world. Many studies are focused on genetic causes of this illness. It may be supposed that we will be able to select women with endometriosis and increased risk of ovarian cancer and prevent its development.