A commonly held view is that nanocarriers conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG) are nonimmunogenic. However, many studies have reported that unexpected immune responses have occurred against PEG-conjugated nanocarriers. One unanticipated response is the rapid clearance of PEGylated nanocarriers upon repeat administration, called the accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon. ABC involves the production of antibodies toward nanocarrier components, including PEG, which reduces the safety and effectiveness of encapsulated therapeutic agents. Another immune response is the hypersensitivity or infusion reaction referred to as complement (C) activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA). Such immunogenicity and adverse reactivities of PEGylated nanocarriers may be of potential concern for the clinical use of PEGylated therapeutics. Accordingly, screening of the immunogenicity and CARPA reactogenicity of nanocarrier-based therapeutics should be a prerequisite before they can proceed into clinical studies. This review presents PEGylated liposomes, immunogenicity of PEG, the ABC phenomenon, C activation and lipid-induced CARPA from a toxicological point of view, and also addresses the factors that influence these adverse interactions with the immune system.

Long-term Statins' treatment was associated with clear improvement of all PCOS clinical and biochemical abnormalities, in addition to ovarian dysfunction as well.

Generally, it has been thought that PEG-conjugated nanocarriers are non-immunogenic. However, many reports have revealed that unexpected immune responses occur with such PEG-conjugated nanocarriers. The Most important one is the rapid clearance of PEGylated nanocarriers upon repeated administration which is called accelerated blood clearance phenomenon involving the production of antibodies against nanocarrier components, which reduces the safety and effectiveness of the encapsulated therapeutic agent. Such immunogenicity of PEGylated nanocarriers is a potential concern in the evaluation and clinic use of PEGylated therapeutics. Accordingly, screening of the immunogenicity of nanocarriers-based therapeutics is a prerequisite before their adoption into clinical settings to disclose any possible interactions with immune system. This review gives an overview of PEGylated liposomes, immunogenicity of PEG, explanation of accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon, its mechanism, various factors affecting it and side effects of PEGylated liposomes.

The target of this paper is the study of a small colored wooden sarcophagus covered with plaster. It took the shape of a box, topped by the Egyptian Corniche, in the middle of which is a winged sun disk, the symbol of the god «Horus Behedeti». It dates back to the reign of King «Dara I» in Egypt, and then was reused in the Greco-Roman era, when it was found in the «Tuna al-Gabel». The research aims to study and publish the sarcophagus by studying the scenes depicted on it, and translating the text on it. The author will undertake a general comment on the drawings, decorations and colors of the sarcophagus, as well as the gods and their condition. Through this study, the researcher could deduce the influence of Egyptian art on Persians in Egypt.