Gangguan sistem pernapasan merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas. Gangguan sistem pernapasan tidak hanya terjadi di negara maju, melainkan juga terjadi di negara berkembang dan negara miskin. Gangguan fungsi paru umumnya dapat dikelompokkan menjadi gangguan paru obstruktif dan gangguan paru restriktif. Terdapat hubungan secara langsung antara gangguan fungsi paru dengan konsentrasi debu dan lamanya pajanan. Indonesia merupakan negara dengan tingkat polusi udara ketiga tertinggi di dunia. Sekitar 70% penyebab polusi udara tersebut berasal dari emisi kendaraan bermotor. Polusi udara yang berkaitan dengan jalan raya memiliki efek buruk terhadap fungsi paru anak-anak. Anak jalanan adalah anak perempuan dan laki-laki yang menghabiskan sebagian besar waktunya untuk bekerja atau hidup di jalanan. Anak jalanan mempunyai resiko besar terpajan bahan polutan melalui saluran pernapasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan fungsi paru yang dinilai dengan nilai rerata FVC dan FEV1 pada anak jalanan di kota Samarinda dengan masa aktivitas di jalan yang berbeda. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Partisipan penelitian dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling sebanyak 33 orang. Fungsi paru dinilai dengan menggunakan alat ukur spirometer untuk mengukur FVC dan FEV1. Hasil penelitian didapatkan 69,69% (n=23) mengalami penurunan FVC dan 81,81% (n=27) mengalami penurunan FEV1. Analisis data menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan nilai rerata FVC (p=0,005) dan FEV1 (p=0,037) antara anak yang beraktivitas di jalan pada masa ≤2 tahun dan >2 tahun. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat penurunan fungsi paru pada anak jalanan yang beraktivitas lebih dari 2 tahun.

Introduction: The 2019 Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) continues to be a severe public health issue throughout the world. Disease transmission channels exist across all modes of transportation, including land, air, and water. The presence of this disease has been demonstrated by a study conducted in South Korea, which discovered that 90% of ship passengers have also been tested with SARS-CoV-2 virus. Case: At the port of Samarinda, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing was performed on 20 Vietnamese coal carrier vessel crew members. According to the findings obtained from the RT-PCR test, every single member of the team had been infected with the virus. Since they exhibited symptoms of an infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus (such as coughing, fever, and shortness of breath), a total of 6 members had to be taken to the hospital. According to the results of genomic sequencing, the crew members were found to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus and variant of concern (VOC) of Delta AY.57, Vietnam lineage. Conclusion: COVID-19 can be transmitted via public transportation, including land, air, and sea travel. Controlling the spread of the virus requires RT-PCR testing at terminals, stations, and ports. SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant is still dominating Southeast Asia region, particulary Delta VOC AY.57.

Background/Aim: Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has become an emergency condition for global public health. Oxygen saturation has important role for diagnosing the patient in the hospital. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a marker for the viral inflammatory reaction to confirm the viral or bacterial infection. The D-dimer is also known as biomarker for severity and prognosis of COVID-19. The aim of the study was to investigate the risk factors of mortality in COVID-19 patients based on oxygen saturation, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and D-dimer. Methods: Data has been obtained from confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital from October until November 2020. They were collected and analysed with Chi-squared test by SPSS 22.0 software. Results: There were 60 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in this study, 48 (80 %) patients survived and 12 (20 %) deceased. Peripheral oxygen saturation < 90 % had 13 (21.7 %) and ≥ 90 % had 47 (78.3 %) patients. There were 13 (21.7 %) patients with NLR value < 3.13 and ≥ 3.13 47 (78.3 %) patients. D-dimer value less than 0.5 had 9 (15 %) and ≥ 0.5 had 51 (85 %) patients. The results of statistical analysis have showed that there were relationship between oxygen saturation (p = 0.002) and survival rate of COVID patients. Conclusion: According to the research that has been conducted, there was correlation between oxygen saturation and mortality of COVID-19 patient. It could be used as biomarker to improve the management of COVID-19 patients.

BACKGROUND Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Indonesia officially established the first COVID-19 confirmation case in early March 2020. East Kalimantan has been determined as a candidate for the new capital of Indonesia since 2019. This makes Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital Samarinda as the largest hospital there has been designated as the main referral hospital for COVID-19 patients in East Kalimantan. OBJECTIVE We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of these patients. METHODS All patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 by RT-PCR were admitted to Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital in Samarinda. We retrospectively collected and analyzed data on patients with standardized data collection from medical records. RESULTS By May 8, 2020, 18 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Most of the infected patients were men (16 [88.9%] patients); less than half had underlying diseases (7 [38.9%] patients). Common symptoms at the onset of illness were cough (16 [88.9%] patients), sore throat (8 [44.4%] patients), and fever (8 [44.4%] patients). Laboratory findings of some patients on admission showed anemia. Levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were increased in 10 (55.6%) of 18 patients. On admission, abnormalities in chest x-ray images were detected in 6 (33.3%) patients who had pneumonia. The mean duration from the first hospital admission to discharge was 33.1 ± 9.2 days. The majority of COVID-19 patients are male. COVID-19 comorbidities were found in several patients. The main clinical symptoms of COVID-19 in this study were cough, sore throat, and fever. The abnormal laboratory finding in COVID-19 patients is anemia, an increase in AST and ALT levels, and chest x-ray images of pneumonia. All patients are in mild condition. The average length of hospital admission patients to discharge is more than 30 days. CONCLUSIONS Although all patients are in mild condition, the inability of a local laboratory to check for positive confirmation of COVID-19 makes the admission period of the patient in the hospital very long. The availability of RT-PCR tests at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital Samarinda will greatly assist the further management of COVID-19 patients.