The published evidence suggests that GUD increases the risk for HIV acquisition. Few studies, however, have examined carefully the temporal association between preexisting GUD and subsequent HIV acquisition. The analyses that simultaneously controlled for additional risks for HIV infection, such as lifetime sex partners or history of injection drug use, report a generally lower risk for HIV associated with GUD. It is likely that studies that adequately control for risk factors will find a lower risk associated with GUD than was reported in the literature earlier in the HIV epidemic. Future research needs and the problems associated with conducting these types of studies are discussed.

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List of Text Illustrations Pack March first. Spring Peepers begin calling when the pussy willows are gray .... 140 Late March. Spring Peepers are singing both day c. Vertebra procoelous, ribs absent, teeth absent. Family 3 Bufonidce (Toads), pp. 44 and 63. 2. Terminal phalanges of skeleton claw-shaped and supporting adhesive disks. a. Vertebrae procoelous, ribs absent, teeth on upper jaw. Family 4. Hylidce (Tree Frogs), pp. 46 and 117. B. Sacral diapophyses cylindrical.

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