In this paper, we investigate the transport and optical properties of the monolayer semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (STMDs) in the absence and presence of the NH 3 , NO, NO 2 , and O 2 gas molecules to assess their potentials as gas sensors. The firstprinciples calculations based on density functional theory indicate that absorption of the O 2 , NO 2 , NO gas molecules on the surface of these materials leads to significant changes in their transmission spectrum. Our calculations predict a charge transfer between the adsorbent gas and any of these STMDs. However, the presence of NH 3 molecule has little effect on the transport properties of these materials. The results show that when the STMDs are exposed to NO, NO 2 , and O 2 molecules, the dielectric function changes. Therefore, these materials can be employed as the sensing element in an optical gas sensor.

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Background:Etiology of more than half of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion. The etiology of more than 50 percent of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions (RSA) cases has been remained unexplained. It is supposed that RSA may have "paternal effect" due to supply 50% of embryonic genomic content by male gamete. Objective:The aim of present study was to evaluate the role of sperm apoptosis and protamine deficiency at same time in RSA cases.Materials and Methods:Forty fertile (control) and 40 unfertile men with RSA (case) were enrolled in this case-control study. Semen analysis was performed in accordance with WHO criteria and sperm apoptosis and protamine deficiency were evaluated by cell apoptosis detection kit and chromomycin A3, respectively.Results: Results showed significant different between normal morphology and total motility in two groups. Case group had higher percentage of spermatozoa with protamine deficiency and apoptosis compared to controls significantly.Conclusion:Our results showed that in cases of RSA, in addition to abnormal sperm parameters, we have a high percentage of spermatozoa with protamine deficiency and apoptosis and these two anomalies may consider as important causes of idiopathic recurrent abortions. It should be advised that sperm chromatin and DNA examinations are useful tools in the process of RSA treatments.

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