Introduction: Renal colic is the most common clinical manifestation of urinary stones. Objectives: This study was aimed to compare the effect of intranasal ketamine versus intravenous morphine on renal colic. Patients and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 100 patients with renal colic were entered into the study and randomly divided into two groups. Patients in treatment group received intranasal ketamine (1.5 mg/kg) and the other group was given intravenous morphine (0.1 mg/kg). The pain was measured at 0, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after therapy. Results: In this study, 32% of patients were female and 68% were male. In addition, the difference between the initial pain with the pains at all subsequent times was significant in the two groups (P<0.001). The duration of the ketamine effect to control pain was longer; since, with the administration of morphine, a faster effect on pain relief was achieved. Conclusion: Low-dose ketamine is considered as an analgesic with low side effects, with simple and uncomplicated usage that reduces the risk of the needle stick in pre-hospital conditions. Therefore, intravenous (IV) morphine has a faster effect; therefore its administer in patients with severe pain should be given priority. Trial Registration: The trial protocol was approved in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial (identifier: IRCT20171229038132N1; https://irct.ir/trial/28821, ethical code; IR.ZAUMS.REC.1396.271).

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effects of supplemental oxygen on patients with myocardial infarction. Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. The study population included all patients who were admitted to the emergency room of Ali-ibn-Abitaleb and Khatam-al-Anbia hospitals in Zahedan within six hours of the onset of classic symptoms of myocardial infarction. The patients (n=47) were divided into two groups: the case group (with oxygen therapy) and the control group (without oxygen therapy). The initial follow-up was evaluated after one month and the second follow-up was evaluated after three months in the target population in terms of mortality caused by acute myocardial infarction, mortality caused by any other cause, and re-hospitalization caused by acute myocardial infarction. Results: Out of the 47 patients, 27 were male (57.4%). The average age of the patients was (60.9±8.1) years. One month after admission, 2 patients (8.7%) in the case group and 2 patients (8.3%) in the control group died due to acute myocardial infarction. A total of 7 patients (14.9%) died three months after admission. There was no significant difference between the control and case groups in terms of mortality caused by acute ischemia within one and three months. After one month, 2 patients (8.7%) in the case group and 1 patient (4.2%) in the control group died of other causes. After three months, 4 patients (8.5%) in total died for other causes. There was no significant difference between the control and case groups in terms of mortality due to other causes within one and three months. One month after admission, 5 patients (21.7%) of the case group and 4 patients (16.7%) of the control group were re-hospitalized due to acute myocardial ischemia. During the next three months, 3 patients (13.0%) of the case group and 5 patients (20.8%) of the control group were re-hospitalized. There was no significant difference between the control and case groups regarding the rate of re-hospitalization caused by acute myocardial infarction within one and three months after admission. Conclusions: There is no significant relationship between oxygen therapy and death by acute myocardial ischemia, or any other causes. The relationship between oxygen therapy and the rate of re-hospitalization caused by acute myocardial ischemia is not found within one and three months after admission. The results show that oxygen therapy does not affect patients with acute myocardial ischemia within three months after admission.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death among patients in developed countries. The patients' prognosis depends on the trauma-induced primary damage as well as the secondary brain damage, including electrolyte disturbances. Therefore, prevention, diagnosis, and timely treatment lead to better prognosis. Herein, the aim is to prognosticate about the mortality in patients with TBI through serum osmolarity at admission. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 141 patients with TBI were assigned through convenience sampling. The level of serum osmolarity was examined once the patients were admitted to emergency department and later, the outcome was recorded. Finally, we analyzed the relationship between osmolarity level and patient outcome in age groups. Results: The mean serum osmolarity in the age group of under 18 years, 18 to 60 years, and more than 60 years was equal to 295.3 ± 10.02 mOsm/L, 297.2 ± 6.5 mOsm/L, and 301.6 ± 7.6 mOsm/L, respectively (P-value <0.001). Osmolarity with a cut-off point of more than 298.90 and sensitivity and specificity of 70.49 and 62.86, respectively, had appropriate diagnostic value for predicting mortality in these patients (P-value <0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, serum osmolarity can have an appropriate diagnostic value in predicting mortality in patients with TBI. In addition, in different age categories, the osmolarity serum in the mortality of these patients was significantly different. Therefore, due to the high importance of serum osmolarity in the mortality of patients, careful monitoring of fluid therapy status of trauma patients should be implemented to prevent the development of hyperosmolarity for the patient with irreversible outcomes.

Background: Although Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common mental disorder among adults, until recently, it was seldom diagnosed in adults. The significance of this disorder as a disease afflicting adults is increasing on a daily basis due to the complications associated with it such as disrupting occupational and educational functionality, as well as increasing the probability of drug abuse among those suffering from it. With due regard to the significance of the subject. This study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the ADHD symptoms exhibited by students at Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The present investigation is a descriptive-analytical study conducted at Zahedan Universitsy of Medical Sciences. The consensus sampling method was implemented to a sample volume consisting of 1000 persons. Based on the goals set in this research, two questionnaires were presented to the students to be completed arbitrarily: the demographic questionnaire and the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale Screening Version (CAARS-O:SV) questionnaire. The obtained information was then fed as input to the SPSS Software for analysis. Results: Of the 1000 questionnaires submitted to the students, 913 were completely answered: 589 (64.5%) by female and 324 (35.5%)