The implementation of a simple, low-cost oral care protocol in the surgical intensive care unit led to a significantly decreased risk of acquiring ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Post hoc procedures using orthogonal polynomials are illustrated for 3 nonparametric tests that are frequently employed by behavioral scientists in the analysis of empirical data. These examples involve null hypotheses which have been rejected by the Kruskal-Wallis 1-way analysis-of-variance test for rank data, by the Friedman 2-way analysis-of-variance test for rank data, and by the Cochran extension of the McNemar test of change for dichotomous data. Finally, the proposed post hoc procedures are compared to planned-comparison methods.

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