No abstract

Sweet cherry is one of the leading places among the fruit crops grown in Ukraine. This culture opens the fruit season for the consumption of fresh and high-vitamin fruit products. Zaporizhzhia region is considered one of the main regions of stable production of high quality sweet cherries, which are in unlimited demand in the domestic and global consumer market of fruit products. The article presents the influence share of weather factors and varieties features on the formation of dry soluble substances stock of sweet cherry fruits during 2008-2019 years. The fruits of 33 varieties samples were grown under of horticultural farms of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Three sweet cherry fruits ripening periods were selected for the research: the 1-st groupthe early ripening periods varietie; the 2-nd groupthe medium ripening period varieties; the 3rd groupthe late ripening period varieties.The results of twelve-year studies indicate that the average dry soluble substances content in sweet cherry fruits grown in the region analyzed and it was 16.7 %. Among the group of the early ripening period varieties, the maximum average dry soluble substances content content of 16.8 % was found in Rubinova rannia variety fruits. Among the medium ripening period varieties, the maximum average dry soluble substances content content of 18.5-18.6 % was recorded in the fruits of the Talisman and Dachnytsia varieties, and the late onesthe fruits of the Udivitelna variety.The dominant influence of weather factors on the accumulation of the dry soluble substances content stock was confirmed by the results of the variance analysis. It was found that for all groups of varieties, irrespective of the ripening period, the weather conditions of the research years (factor A) had a dominant influence on the formation of the DSS stock with an influence share for the varieties of the early ripening period group -74.5 %, of the medium ripening period group -61.9 % and the late ripening period groups -69.4 %. The impact of varieties features (factor B) was less significant. The two-factor variance analysis has determined the expediency of predicting the dry soluble substances content of sweet cherry fruits by the average values of a particular varieties group, and not separately for each pomological variety.

Sweet cherries are a favourite stone crop among consumers of fruit products. At present, the demand for sweet cherries is growing, which encourages the expansion of the varietal range of crops with different ripening periods. The purpose of this study was to develop a mathematical model for predicting the formation of fruit and sweet cherry pyrene mass depending on weather factors and varietal characteristics. The study was conducted during 2008-2019 in the conditions of the Southern Steppe zone of Ukraine on 33 varieties of sweet cherries of early, medium, and late ripening periods. The average mass of the sweet cherry fruit over the years of research was 8.41 g, and the average mass of the pyrene was 0.56 g. Late-ripening sweet cherry varieties had the best fruit mass (7.27-12.18 g). According to the maximum average mass of the fruit, the varieties Kazka, Dilema, and Kosmichna were distinguished. Rubinova Rannia, Pervistok, Melitopol black and Krupnoplidna varieties had the lowest pyrene mass in sweet cherry fruits. In the group of early ripening, the best ratio of pyrene to fruit pulp was found in the Kazka variety, in medium-ripening varieties -Cordia, Perviystok, and Orion, in late-ripening varieties -Udivitelna, Krupnoplidna, and Prazdnichna. The smallest variability in sweet cherry fruit mass in the group of early-ripening varieties was detected in Sweet Erlise, in mid-ripening -Temp, and in late-ripening -Regina, while in pyrene mass -Rubinova Rannia, Vynka and Regina, respectively. Weather conditions had a dominant influence on the formation of fruit mass for all sweet cherry varieties under study, and varietal characteristics had a dominant effect on pyrene mass. The maximum influence on the formation of sweet cherry fruit mass of early varieties was provided by the indicator -the number of days with precipitation in May exceeding 1 mm, and for medium and late ripening varieties -the average monthly amount of precipitation in June. Decisive importance for the formation of pyrene mass in sweet cherry fruits of early ripening varieties was the average monthly amount of precipitation in May, in the middle ripening period -the average monthly amount of precipitation in June, in the late ripening period -the number of days with precipitation exceeding 1 mm in May

Perforation or fruiting hole size on substrate bags control cluster sizes and morphology in exotic mushroom cultivation. The effect of three different perforation sizes on substrate bags (factor A: 50, 100, and 150 mm) and their positioning on the shelves (factor B: Horizontal, vertical, and slant) on the crop and various morphological characteristics in Pleurotus ostreatus was studied. Microclimatic conditions for fruiting were 16±1°C, 87±3% RH; 230±42 lux illumination. The formula for calculating area of ellipse was modified and used for the area of mushroom cap. Results indicated that the total fruit body yield and biological efficiency (BE) in the bags set in horizontal position were 10% lower than other treatments. The effect of perforation size on mushroom cluster sizes was more on the substrate blocks in the horizontal position. There was a linear correlation between perforation size and fruiting body cluster sizes. Results suggest that the 50 mm perforation on bags in vertical and slant positions gave fruiting body clusters sizes 186-196 mm width and 122-154 mm height, with 92.36±6.48% BE. The cluster size indicated is the best fit for standard packaging containers used in commercial oyster mushroom production in Ukraine.

The problem of automatic colorization of monochrome images is considered. methods of colorizing are used in film industry to restore chromaticity of old movies and photographic materials, in computer vision problems, in medical images processing etc. Modern techniques of colorization contain many manual operations, take a lot of time and are expensive. Many methods of colorization require human participation to correctly determine colors, since there is no one-to-one accordance between grayscale and color. In this paper we discuss method for fully automatic colorization of monochrome images using a convolutional neural network. This approach has reduced using of manual operations to minimum. Structure of the neural network for coloration based on the VGG16 model is considered in the paper. Types of layers that are appropriate for solving the problem of colorization are determined and analyzed. Proposed structure consists of 13 convolutional layers and three upsampling layers. The subsample layers are replaced with the necessary zero addition with a step of 2x2. All layers’ filters have 3x3 size. The activation function of all convolutional layers is ReLU and hyperbolic tangent of the last layer. The presented model is implemented in a software system for automatic image colorization. The software system includes two parts. The first part implements construction and training of the neural network. The second part uses obtained neural network to generate colorized images from grayscale images. Network training was carried out on a sample of Caltech-256, which contains 256 categories of objects. After training the system was tested on series of grayscale images. Testing showed that the system performs enough plausible colorization of certain types objects. Acceptable results were obtained in the colorization of images of nature, ordinary animals, portrait photos. In unsuccessful cases objects were painted in brown shades. Unsuccessful results were obtained for images that contained only parts of objects or these objects were represented in the training sample in too different colors.