IL-18 may be an important mediator in s-JIA. Although serum Il-18 concentrations correlated with markers of the disease activity, IL-18 concentrations remained elevated even when other markers of disease activity normalized. Serum IL-18 concentration may be a promising indicator of the disease activity. The cytokine release pattern in MAS/HLH is different among patients with different aetiologies. Monitoring the cytokine profile, including IL-18, may be useful for differentiation of MAS/HLH and evaluation of disease activity in s-JIA.

Our study has demonstrated for the first time that the infant calming response to maternal carrying is a coordinated set of central, motor, and cardiac regulations and is a conserved component of mammalian mother-infant interactions. Our findings provide evidence for and have the potential to impact current parenting theory and practice, since unsoothable crying is the major risk factor for child abuse.