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Hydraulic fractures are produced in the earth to extract material from the earth or to inject material into the earth more efficiently. A method using free and forced seismic oscillations to investigate the geometry of hydraulically generated fractures is described.--SAC 4,758,964 43.40.

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This paper describes joint industry project DEA107, in which BP plc, Amoco, Eni SpA. Div. Agip, Scottish Enterprise Operations, and Japan Natl. Oil Corp. (JNOC) participated. Objectives of this project were to investigate and to report on the low-cycle fatigue phenomena of coiled tubing (CT), to present a rational fatiguelife prediction model for CT, and to develop an advanced CT which could be applied to CT drilling of deep wells. In this paper, the effect of various factors on the cyclic bending performance of parent CT materials is predicted in relation to ballooning and low-cycle fatigue phenomena; corrosion and low-cycle fatigue phenomena of CT after long-term exposure in a mud environment are discussed, followed by fatigue performance and improvement of circumferential joining techniques.A trial section of advanced CT of 2 3 /8-in. outer diameter (OD) and 0.190-in. wall thickness (WT) with a total length of 3,000 ft was manufactured by means of joining short lengths of seamless tubing using the amorphous diffusion bonding (ADB) technique. A CT drilling test at the JNOC Kashiwazaki test field in Japan was completed successfully using this advanced CT.