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Since China is the largest CO2emitting country in the world, photovoltaic (PV) systems are expected to be widely installed to reduce CO2emission. In general, available area for PV installation depends on urban area due to differences in land use and slope. Amount of electricity generated by a PV system also depends on urban area because of differences in solar irradiation and ambient temperature. The aim of this study is to evaluate the installation of large-scale PV systems in suburbs of China, taking these differences into consideration. We have used a geographic information system (GIS) to evaluate amounts of installation capacity of large-scale PV systems, electricity generated, and CO2emission reduction by the installation capacity of large-scale PV systems in suburbs of Liaoning, Shanghai, Anhui, and Guangdong. In Liaoning, the amount of CO2emission reduction by the installation capacity of large-scale PV systems was estimated to be the largest, 3,058 kt-CO2/yr, due to its larger amount of the installation capacity, 2439.4 MW, than the amount of the installation capacity in other regions.

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Synopsis: Objective. Coal has been the important primary energy in China. Coal-fired power generation stays on the significant position due to the rich coal resources. The coal flow depends on the railways and coastal shipping because energy producing and consuming regions are geographically distinct. Thus, it is necessary to reduce CO 2 emission not only in generating electricity but also in coal transportation. This study is aimed to estimate CO 2 emission reduction potential in coal transportation in China. Directions of coal transportation were evaluated using a geographic information system (GIS). In this study, a liner programming (LP) analysis model is used for the optimization of coal transportation for minimizing its CO 2 emission and costs. We have also evaluated in the case of ultra super critical power plant (USC) as advanced thermal power generation technology. Results and Discussion. From the result of current flow, the coal transportation from the north of the inland which is a coal production region to the east of the coastal place that is a coal consuming area is supposed to be a mainstream. On the other hand, the south area that coal production is poor has a big consumption in Guangdong. Therefore, the coal has been carried from all areas except the northeast to the south area by coast transportation. Southeastern coastal regions such as Zhejiang and Guangdong have high dependency on the coastal transportation show twice higher CO 2 emission in coal transportation than other regions. In the case of the optimization with the restriction on coastal transportation to reduce CO 2 emission, the amount of emissions in coal transportation becomes smaller and gets to be minimum amount of 12.3 Mt-CO 2 under the CO 2 emission minimization analysis. Moreover, replacing USC for existing conventional thermal power plants makes the CO 2 emission reductions in transportation much smaller amount, 8.1 Mt-CO 2 , because of not just shortening transportation distance and shift in transportation but decreasing amount of transportation due to less coal consumption of USC. Conclusions. From the results obtained by minimizing CO 2 emission in transportation, the amount of CO 2 emission reductions is 6.0 Mt-CO 2 from the current coal transportation. The amount of CO 2 emission reductions in transportation is estimated to be higher, 10.2 Mt-CO 2 , in case that USC is replaced for existing conventional thermal power plant with less coal consumption.