The aim of this study was to evaluate the best performing lines in sunflower on the basis of phenotypic and genotypic correlation so that we can find out the which trait directly or indirectly effect the yield and quality of the sunflower because being an breeder our main aim is yield and quality and the lines which are performing best can be further used in the breeding programs. Sunflower is a valuable oil producing crop because it contains good quality oil composition and can be grown twice in a year. There is scarcity of oil in our country so that there is requisite to heighten the yield of sunflower in order to exploit its share in oilseed sector. The study was conducted at the research field of Rajawala farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during year 2015–16 to study the correlation among yield related traits, oil and protein content in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). 20 sunflower lines were sown in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data was assessed at maturity for plant height, leaves per plant, leaf area, head diameter, internode length, 100-achene weight, achene yield per plant, oil contents and protein contents. Genotypic and phenotypic correlation was estimated among these traits. The recorded data was subjected to statistical analysis of variance, correlation and path coefficient analysis. The line G-16 showed best performance for leaf area, head diameter and achene yield per plant. Line G-20 was good in 100 achene weight. The above mentioned lines could be used in future breeding programs for effective improvement in yield of sunflower. This data was helpful to select superior lines and these lines may also be used in further hybridization program to get better yield, oil and protein contents.

A731Objectives: Menopause is a nettlesome phase of women life. A prior knowledge of menopausal changes will not only help women to cope up with this change but it will also increase their quality of life. Current study aims to analyze knowledge and attitudes of postmenopausal women towards menopause. MethOds: A crosssectional survey was conducted from November, 2011 to September, 2012 among representative sample of women aged 45-60 years belonging to three major cities of Punjab, Pakistan. A team of five trained researchers distributed questionnaire to participants via convenience sampling after obtaining consent. Total of 1000 participants were approached (200 via each researcher). 783 completed the questionnaire making response rate of study as 78%. Results: 78% and 22% respondents have natural menopause and surgically induced menopause respectively. The mean knowledge and attitude score of participants was 45.13 ± 9.23 and 52.32 ± 11.21 respectively. 48% of the participants had poor, 35% had moderate and 17 % had good knowledge regarding awareness, sign and symptoms and causes of menopause. Majority (69.12 %) of participants had positive attitude towards menopause except use of HRT therapy. 51.7 % patients had good socioeconomic status and had good knowledge compared to 49.3 % of participants with poor socioeconomic status (p= 0.031). A higher education level (p= 0.041), good socio-economic status (p= 0.012), and surgically induced menopause (0.032) were the demographic factors that showed statistically significant association with higher knowledge and positive attitude towards menopause. cOnclusiOns: The knowledge of menopausal women regarding signs, symptoms, causes and treatments of menopause was poor in two cities (Faisalabad, Lahore) as compared to Islamabad. It might be due to good socioeconomic status and higher education level of participants residing in Islamabad . Health care professionals and authorities should take initiatives to aware menopausal women regarding menopause so that they can cope up better with this phase of life.Objectives: In observational studies, subjects are assigned to treatment groups without the benefits of randomization, resulting in potential bias in the estimation of the treatment effect. We assess the performance of 5 different statistical methods used for bias correction and causal inference under different conditions -multivariate regression (MR), propensity score matching (PSM), propensity score stratification (PSST), doubly robust estimation (DR) and inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW). MethOds: We simulated the outcomes of two hypothetical treatments having three continuous covariates that are correlated with the treatments and with each other. We varied the sample size, noise levels, and tested the methods under conditions of model misspecification. To evaluate performance of the methods, we used two measures: correct identification of a statistically significant treatment effect (p < 0.05) and the root-mean-squared error for the treatment effect. Results:...

Pulses in Pakistan is used in combination with cereals to balance the diet. Its area and production is decreasing for last many years. In the barren and partly arid regions, water shortage is the major component that restricts yield. Using of drought resistance plant is one of the best ways for good cultivation under drought condition. As the pulses have great nutritional and economical values and drought stress affect their morphological features. The legume yield is mostly cultured in rain fed region of the Punjab where they bear a slighter quantity of water situation resulting in low yield of bean. To overcome these problems it is necessary to get knowledge about the performance of different lines of different pulses crops under water stress conditions. That’s why in this paper the information about the previous literature has been discussed.

The basic aim of this study is to evaluate the exotic lentil germplasm (BIGMP LIEN-MH-18) received from ICARDA. Economically desirable characters were studied and correlated to select the genotypes for the targeted breeding programme. Thirty-six lentil exotic entries were studied. The exotic genotypes 36102 and 36108 yielded 665 and 625 kg/ha respectively similar to our local recommended check (Punjab Masoor-09) that produces 884 kg ha-1 seed yield. There were high differences for the traits that were studied. The number of pods per plant, plant stand and first pod height were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with yield. The plant height was non-significantly associated with yield while number of branches was negatively and non-significantly associated with yield. Disease attack was negative and highly significant. This association of the characters could be used in future breeding programs to enhance the yield potential for exploiting the production of the lentil crop.