Background Indonesia is one of the Southeast Asian countries with high case numbers of COVID-19 with up to 4.2 million confirmed cases by 29 October 2021. Understanding the genome of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for delivering public health intervention as certain variants may have different attributes that can potentially affect their transmissibility, as well as the performance of diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics. Objectives We aimed to investigate the dynamics of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants over a 15-month period in Bogor and its surrounding areas in correlation with the first and second wave of COVID-19 in Indonesia. Methods Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab samples collected from suspected patients from Bogor, Jakarta and Tangerang were confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 infection with RT-PCR. RNA samples of those confirmed patients were subjected to whole genome sequencing using the ARTIC Network protocol and sequencer platform from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). Results We successfully identified 16 lineages and six clades out of 202 samples (male n = 116, female n = 86). Genome analysis revealed that Indonesian lineage B.1.466.2 dominated during the first wave (n = 48, 23.8%) while Delta variants (AY.23, AY.24, AY.39, AY.42, AY.43 dan AY.79) were dominant during the second wave (n = 53, 26.2%) following the highest number of confirmed cases in Indonesia. In the spike protein gene, S_D614G and S_P681R changes were dominant in both B.1.466.2 and Delta variants, while N439K was only observed in B.1.466.2 (n = 44) and B.1.470 (n = 1). Additionally, the S_T19R, S_E156G, S_F157del, S_R158del, S_L452R, S_T478K, S_D950N and S_V1264L changes were only detected in Delta variants, consistent with those changes being characteristic of Delta variants in general. Conclusions We demonstrated a shift in SARS-CoV-2 variants from the first wave of COVID-19 to Delta variants in the second wave, during which the number of confirmed cases surpassed those in the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Higher proportion of unique mutations detected in Delta variants compared to the first wave variants indicated potential mutational effects on viral transmissibility that correlated with a higher incidence of confirmed cases. Genomic surveillance of circulating variants, especially those with higher transmissibility, should be continuously conducted to rapidly inform decision making and support outbreak preparedness, prevention, and public health response.

Divorce cases nationally have increased in recent years; however this phenomenon cannot be generalized because each area has different background and culture. Based on the record of the Ministry Of Religious Affairs (Kemenag) in Wonogiri there are 10000-11000 weddings in a year on average. From those numbers around 8-9 percent is getting divorces. The efforts to resolve the divorce rate and family empowerment post-divorce still become the responsibility of their own. However, through Badan Amil Zakat Daerah (Bazda) the destitute family is given a sympathetic care-social assurance to build businesses and even an economic capital to help them, whether its a post-divorce family program or just destitute family in general. The government program does not reach on fostering harmonious sakinah family; all are pursued by their own, while the government program is not supported by an adequate budget for the sakinah family program.Keywords: Impact of Divorce, Family EmpowermentAbstrak Kasus perceraian secara nasional dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ini mengalami peningkatan, namun fenomena ini tidak bisa digeneralisir karena setiap daerah mempunyai latar belakang dan budaya yang berbeda. Berdasarkan catatan Kantor Kemeterian Agama (Kemenag) di Wonogiri dalam setahun rata-rata ada 10.000-11.000 pernikahan. Dari jumlah tersebut angka perceraiannya berkisar 8-9 persen. Upaya mengatasi tingkat perceraian, pemberdayaan keluarga pasca perceraian, sementara masih menjadi tanggung jawab sendiri-sendiri, namun melalui Badan Amil Zakat Daerah (Bazda) keluarga yang fakir miskin diberikan santunan-jaminan sosial untuk usaha, bahkan diberikan modal ekonomi untuk membantu keluarga miskin, apakah itu untuk program keluarga pasca perceraian atau hanya keluarga miskin secara umum. Program pemerintah tidak sampai menyentuh bagaimana pembinaan keluarga sakinah, semuanya diupayakan sendiri, sementara program pemerintah tidak didukung oleh anggaran yang cukup untuk mendukung program keluarga sakinah.Kata Kunci: Dampak Perceraian, Pemberdayaan Keluarga

THE EFFECT OF MANAGERIAL CAPABILITIES OF HEADMASTER AND SCHOOL COMMITTEE ON ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS. This study aims to find, describe, predict and verify the theory. This survey research used quantitative approach. Sampling technique was Cluster Sampling or Sampling Area at High School as many as 100 schools from 105 schools. Data collected using questionnaire. This research consists of two variables, namely exogenous latent variable, the Managerial ability of headmaster (ξ 1) and School Committee (ξ 2) and endogenous latent variables are School Organization Culture (η 1) and School Effectiveness (η 2). Data analysis techniques used Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Based on the result of descriptive statistical analysis, both exogenous and endogenous latent variables are in good category. Theoretical model expressed fit. The magnitude of the effect of each exogenous variable on the endogenous variable and the contribution of the construct indicator are: (1) School effectiveness is not determined directly by the Managerial ability of headmaster, (2) The school organization culture is determined by the managerial ability of headmaster, (3) School effectiveness is not determined directly by the principal's managerial skills through the school's organizational culture Masrukhin 106 Edukasia: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Islam (4) School effectiveness is not defined by the school committee, (5) School organization culture is not determined by the school committee, (6) School effectiveness is not determined directly by the school committee through school organization culture, (7) School effectiveness is determined directly by the school organization culture. The contribution of each indicator to the construct is: (1) Managerial ability of headmaster variable is the M 3 (Technical Skill) dimension, with a value of R² of 0.76 or 76%., (2) School Committee variable is the K 3 dimension (Advisory Agency), with a R 2 value of 0.92 or 92%, (3) School Organization Cultural variable is the dimension of B 4 (Philosphy), with an estimated value of 0.67, (4) School Effectiveness variable is the dimension E 4 (Standards of Teachers) with an estimated value of 0.99.

Sektor pertanian masih menjadi sektor unggulan di Indonesia. Selain tenaga kerja yang terserap cukup besar, sektor ini juga masih mampu memberikan kontribusi pendapatan yang cukup besar bagi perekonomian nasional.Akan tetapi, permasalahan yang paling mendasar dari sektor pertanian ini adalah semakin menyusutnya lahan pertanian akibat alih fungsi lahan.Lahan merupakan faktor utama dalam pengembangan pertanian.Oleh karena itu, pada tahun 2009 Pemerintah bersama-sama dengan DPR mengesahkan lahirnya Undang-Undang No.41 Tahun 2009 tentang Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan (LP2B).Undang-undang ini diharapkan dapat menahan laju konversi lahan sawah khususnya sawah dengan irigasi teknis sehingga dapat menopang ketahanan pangan nasional dan Indonesia memiliki lahan pertanian abadi. Pelaksanaan LP2B di Kabupaten Cirebon dapat dikatakan belum berjalan sebagaimana mestinya. Hal ini disebabkan berbagai kendala yang dihadapi oleh pemerintah daerah dalam melaksanakan amanat undang–undang tersebut. Aspek pengembangan, pemanfaatan, pembinaan, sampai dengan aspek sanksi belum diterapkan karena masih terfokus pada proses perencanaan dan penetapan LP2B. Perlindungan Hukum terhadap lahan pertanian pangan berkelanjutan di Kabupaten Cirebon masih belum berjalan maksimal, alih fungsi lahan belum mengindahkan aturan yang ada. Sanksi terhadap pelanggaran belum diterapkan secara maksimal.

Aims: Some of methanotrophic bacteria and nitrous oxide (N2O) reducing bacteria have been proven able to support the plant growth and increase productivity of paddy. However, the effect of application of the methanotrophics and N2O reducing bacteria as a biofertilizer to indigenous nitrogen-fixing bacteria and total bacterial community are still not well known yet. The aim of the study was to analyze the diversity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and total bacterial communty in lowland paddy soils. Methodology and results: Soil samples were taken from lowland paddy fields in Pelabuhan Ratu, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. There were two treatments applied to the paddy field i.e biofertilizer-treated field (biofertilizer with 50 kg/ha NPK) and control (250 kg/ha NPK fertilizer). There were nine different nifH bands which were successfully sequenced and most of them were identified as unculturable bacteria and three of them were closely related to Sphingomonas sp., Magnetospirillum sp. and Ideonella dechloratans respectively. In addition, there were 20 different 16S rDNA bands which were successfully sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence showed that there were 5 phyla of bacteria, i.e. Proteobacteria (Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria), Chlorofexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Clostridia, and Bacteroidetes respectively. Alphaproteobacteria was the most dominant group in lowland paddy field. Microbial diversities in the biofertilizer-treated field were lower than that of 100% fertilizer-treated field either based on nifH and 16S rDNA genes. Conclusion, significance and impact study: Biofertilizer treatment has lower microbial diversity than control, either based on nifH and 16S rDNA genes.