Multiple injection axillary block with ultrasound guidance provided similar success rates and comparable incidence of complication as compared with nerve stimulation guidance.

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The results of this study validated the hypothesis that increased intestinal permeability together with differences in microbiota composition are contemporaneously associated with the pre-pathological condition of T1D in a sample of Italian children. Further studies are necessary to confirm the microbial markers identified in this sample of children as well as to clarify the involvement of microbiota modifications in the mechanisms leading to increased permeability and the autoimmune mechanisms that promote diabetes onset. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a clinically heterogeneous heritable connective tissue disorder, characterized by low bone mass and reduced strength, which result in susceptibility to fracture and bone deformities. In most cases it is caused by dominant mutations in type I collagen genes, COL1A1 and COL1A2. Recessive forms, which collectively account for approximately 5% of cases of osteogenesis imperfecta detected in North America and Europe, are caused instead by mutations in various genes coding for proteins involved in collagen posttranslational modifications, folding, and secretion. A novel disease locus, SERPINF1, coding for pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), has been found recently. In SERPINF1 mutants described so far, synthesis, posttranslational modification, and secretion of type I collagen were reported to be normal. Here we describe three siblings born to consanguineous parents, who show an initially mild and then progressively worsening form of OI with severe deformities of the long bones. They are homozygous for a frameshift mutation in exon 4 of the SERPINF1 gene, which leads to lack of the transcription/translation product, likely a key factor in bone deposition and remodeling. Synthesis and secretion of type I collagen are normal. Clinical, radiographic, histological, and histomorphometric data from the proband are reminiscent of the distinctive features of type VI OI. ß