Sour cherry seed flavonoid-rich extract showed a protective effect against reperfusion-induced injury through its ability to reduce the changes in concentrations of retinal ions through HO-1-related endogenous CO production in the ischemic/reperfused retina.

The issue of diagenetic alteration of carbonate deposits in caves (speleothems) has gained increasing importance in recent years, as this process has serious consequences for speleothembased paleoclimate studies. In this study stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope data of water trapped in fluid inclusions were collected for recently forming stalagmites and flowstones in order to determine how dripwater compositions are reflected and preserved in the inclusion water compositions. Hydrogen isotope compositions were found to reflect dripwater values, whereas the oxygen isotope data were increasingly shifted from the local dripwater compositions with the time elapsed after deposition. The δ 18 O data are correlated with X-Ray diffraction full width at half maximum values (related to crystal domain size and lattice strain),suggesting that the oxygen isotope shift is related to recrystallization of calcite. Transmission electron microscope analyses detected the presence of nanocrystalline (<50 nm) calcite, whose crystallization to coarser-grained calcite crystals (>200 nm) may have induced re-equilibration between the carbonate and the trapped inclusion water. The Ostwald ripening process provides an explanation for unexpectedly low oxygen isotope compositions in the inclusion water. The detected diagenetic alteration and its isotopic effects should be taken into consideration during sampling strategies and data evaluation as speleothems containing nanocrystalline calcite during their deposition are prone to late-stage oxygen isotope water-carbonate re-equilibration, which may shift the oxygen isotope composition of the inclusion water to more depleted values while the hydrogen isotope composition remains intact.

Gradients in risk for youth injury increased in association with numbers of risk behaviors reported in every country examined. This cross-cultural finding indicates that the issue of multiple risk behavior, as assessed via an additive score, merits attention as an etiological construct. This concept may be useful in future injury control research and prevention efforts conducted among populations of young people.