In the past centuries consumption of bread made of ergot-infected flour resulted in mass poisonings and miscarriages. The reason was the sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.—a source of noxious ergot alkaloids (ergotamine and ergovaline). The authors have searched the 19th century medical literature in order to find information on the following topics: dosage forms of drugs based on ergot and their application in official gynecology and obstetrics. The authors also briefly address the relevant data from the previous periods as well as the 20th century research on ergot. The research resulted in a conclusion that applications of ergot in gynecology and obstetrics in the 19th century were limited to controlling excessive uterine bleeding and irregular spasms, treatment of fibrous tumors of the uterus, and prevention of miscarriage, abortion, and amenorrhoea. The most common dosage forms mentioned in the works included in our review were the following: tinctures, water extracts (Wernich’s and Squibb’s watery extract of ergot), pills, and powders. The information documented in this paper will be helpful for further research and helpful in broadening the understanding of the historical application of the described controversial crude drugs. Ergot alkaloids were widely used in obstetrics, but in modern times they are not used in developed countries anymore. They may, however, play a significant role in developing countries where, in some cases, they can be used as an anti-hemorrhage agent during labor.
Pod koniec III wieku rozpoczyna się ruch monastyczny zainicjowany przez św. Antoniego, Powstała w ten sposób nowa forma ascezy charakteryzująca się zerwaniem ze światem, społeczeństwem: anachoreza, czyli pustelnictwo. Odtąd życie pustelników ma być pełne wyrzeczeń, na które składają się post, wstrzemięźliwość seksualna, modlitwa i praca, ale też milczenie. Wierzono bowiem, że tylko w ciszy brat otrzyma szansę na spotkanie Boga, usłyszenia Jego Słowa i tym samym wkroczy w Jego tajemnicę, a potem będzie mógł innych do tej tajemnicy doprowadzić, dzięki potędze swej miłości i pokory. Milczenie, zachowanie ciszy, powstrzymywanie się przed uwolnieniem słów były niezwykle ważnymi i częstymi tematami podejmowanymi przez Ojców Pustyni w ich apoftegmatach. Celem niniejszych rozważań jest zwrócenie uwagi na pewien rodzaj napięcia między milczeniem a mową, a właściwie konkretnymi przypadkami wypowiadanych słów, przez Ojców Pustyni nazywanych „złym słowem”, którego należało się wystrzegać nade wszystko, a za które każdorazowo uznawano m. in. obmowę, osądzanie i narzekanie. Zostaną wskazane różne rozumienia zachowania milczenia w kontekście powstrzymania się od ww. nadużyć oraz w celu zbudowania duchowego młodszego pokolenia mnichów.
Health services and their institutions are rarely seen as places where "soft" cultural matters have importance. The classical European paradigm of evidence-based medicine perceives human beings from a biological rather than a spiritual perspective. However, challenges in contemporary Europe (and also in the whole world) show us that we cannot ignore religious differences in any kinds of public spaces. Eastern European countries have lost their monoreligious character, and there is a growing number of patients from different cultures and religious traditions. Western European countries that face mass refugee movements also need to adapt their health services to the religious demands of both foreign and domestic patients (including those with acquired citizenship). It is a significant challenge Socialinių mokslų studijos. 2018, 10(1) 109 to the legal system as well, with a growing need for structural and systemic solutions. The academic education of future health service specialists should, meanwhile, be adjusted in line with these factors and include more courses on interreligious communication, bearing in mind the lack of proper handbooks for these professions in the Eastern European area at least.
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