No abstract

We assess to which extent the use of electricity storage systems (ESSs) decrease or increase the CO 2 emissions of electricity systems. We show that there exist substantial differences between applications and countries, ranging from major emissions increases (e.g., in Germany) to strong reductions (e.g., in France). Policy makers have various options to improve the carbon footprint of EES use, among others, through carbon pricing or R&D support policies targeting increased efficiencies of ESSs.