A Gall is an abnormal growth of plant tissue produced by animal agency acting from within. 1 . Any organ of the plant may become the seat of this hyperplasia, but the form which the gall ultimately assumes is governed by the potentialities of growth in the part attacked, and by the nature of the animal excitation present. Oak galls (Mazu) is an out growths formed on the young twigs of the dyer's oak, Quercus infectoria (Fagaceae), as a result of the deposition of the eggs of the gall-wasp, this is used for medicinal purposes before escape of insects in dried form as described by classical Unani literature. Keeping in view of the medicinal properties described in ancient Unani scholars and scientific research on various medicinal properties of oak galls (Mazu), this paper an attempt to correlate the properties of Mazu with latest scientific research.

Image compression algorithms are used to reduce the redundancies in the representation of the data so that the data storage requirements and the communication cost can be reduced. Different algorithms have been developed to reduce the size of an image like JPEG, PNG, SPIHT, etc. In this paper, we mainly focus on the JPEG image compression algorithm because it is mostly used in the Internet and Multimedia based applications. In JPEG, quantization tables and masking tables are used as the main source for the compression of the data. Based on our review, we identify that in literature less attention is given to analyze the effect of the masking tables during the implementation of the JPEG algorithms. Therefore, to address this research issue, in this paper, we analyze the effect of the masking tables used during the JPEG image compression algorithms.

Urolithiasis, or kidney stone development, is a complicated process that involves a series of physicochemical phenomena such as supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention within the kidneys. It is a growing urological health problem that affects roughly 12% of the world's population. Kidney stones come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and colors. The stones must pass through ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder (ureters) and be expelled in order to be removed from the body. Kidney stones can take days to weeks to get out of the body, depending on their size.Hassat-e-Kulya (renal Stone) is abundant in ancient Unani literature, and Unani physicians addressed disease, manifestations, and treatment in broad terms. Several human studies have suggested that eating a diet rich in vegetables and fruits can help prevent kidney stones. Because of the drawbacks of surgical procedures and the restricted options for pharmacotherapy, it's worth looking into new pharmacological approaches for the treatment of kidney stones. Many Herbo mineral formulations (eg. Qurs Kushta Hijrul Yahood; Majoon Hijrul Yahood, Majoon Sange Sarmahi, etc) and medicinal plants/herbs (Habbul Qilt, Kalonji, Jawakhar, Pathri Phori etc) have been researched for the treatment of urolithiasis, albeit most of them have only been tested on a small number of people or in animal models.

Computational auditory scene analysis (CASA) based speech separation is widely considered in a number speech processing applications and is used to separate a target speech from target-interference mixtures and usually the task of target separation is considered as a signal processing problem. However, target speech separation is formulated as a supervised learning problem and discriminative patterns of speech, speakers and background noises are learned from input training data. In this paper, we present a single channel supervised speech separation approach based on the ideal binary mask (IBM) estimation. In proposed approach, speaker independent speech separation system is trained with sets of the clean speech magnitudes and during separation; SNR is estimated in time-frequency (TF) channels using clean magnitudes and compared to a pre-defined threshold. The TF channels satisfying threshold are hold while TF channels violating the threshold are discarded to construct an IBM. The estimated mask is than applied to the mixtures to reconstruct the target speech, using phase of the mixture speech. The experiments are conducted in three speaker independent mixture's scenarios: termed as 2-talkers, 3talkers and 4-talkers mixtures at four input SNRs: -5dB, 0dB, 5dB and 10dB. The experimental outcomes reported that proposed CASA based supervised speaker independent mask estimation outperformed the competing approaches: Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF), Nonnegative dynamical system (NNDS) and log minimum mean square error (LMMSE) estimation in terms of PESQ, SegSNR, LLR, WSS, SIG, BAK and STOI objective measures.