Inguinal hernia in infant is a condition of protrusion of the intestinal organs due to thepatency of processus vaginalis. The ratio of incidence between male and female infants isapproximately 8:1. The incidence of inguinal hernia ranges from 1-5% in children and full-terminfants, whereas in premature infants there is a significant increase in the number, which is around30%. Clinical manifestations that can occur in infants with inguinal hernias are the appearance ofa lump when straining, crying, coughing, or sneezing, patient could look restless because of thepain and discomfort. The diagnosis of inguinal hernia can be made by history taking, physicalexamination, and supporting examination. Management of inguinal hernia is by surgery, can bean open herniotomy or laparoscopy.Keywords: inguinal hernia; infant Abstrak: Hernia inguinalis pada bayi merupakan kondisi penonjolan organ intestinal akibatadanya patensi prosesus vaginalis. Perbandingan rasio kejadian antara anak laki-laki dan perempuankurang lebih sekitar 8:1. Insidensi hernia inguinalis berkisar 1-5% pada anak dan bayi cukupbulan, sedangkan pada bayi prematur terdapat kenaikan angka yang bermakna yaitu sekitar 30%.Manifestasi klinis yang dapat terjadi pada anak dengan hernia inguinalis adalah timbulnyabenjolan pada saat mengedan, menangis, batuk, atau bersin, anak terlihat gelisah karena nyeri danrasa tidak nyaman. Penegakan diagnosis hernia inguinalis dapat dilakukan dengan anamnesis,pemeriksaan fisik, dan pemeriksaan penunjang. Tatalaksana hernia inguinalis ialah denganherniotomi terbuka atau laparoskopi.Kata kunci: hernia inguinalis; bayi
Migraine is one of the primary headaches that often causes moderate to severe disability. One of the most commonly consumed psychoactive substances associated with migraine is caffeine. This study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between migraine and caffeine thoroughly based on various studies. This was a literature review study using databases of Pubmed/Medline, Cochrane, Wiley Online Library, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Garuda. The eligibility criteria for this study were observational research articles or clinical trials, written in Indonesian or English, published in the last five years, and their fulltexts could be accessed. The results obtained 10 articles. Almost all of them showed that caffeine could cause migraine whether after caffeine consumption (non-absent group) or no consumption of caffeine (absent group). The association of caffeine with migraine was more significant than with tension headaches. Besides being a trigger factor of migraine, caffeine cpuld also act as a migraine therapy. In conclusion, there is a close association between migraine and caffeine. Migraine tends to be triggered than to be reduced by caffeine.Keywords: caffeine, migraine Abstrak: Migrain merupakan salah satu jenis nyeri kepala primer yang sering menyebabkan disabilitas sedang dan berat. Salah satu zat psikoaktif yang umum dikonsumsi dan berhubungan dengan migrain yaitu kafein. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah hubungan migrain dan kafein lebih mendalam berdasarkan berbagai penelitian. Jenis penelitian ialah literature review menggunakan database dari Pubmed/Medline, Cochrane, Wiley Online Library, Science Direct, Google Scholar, dan Garuda. Kriteria kelayakan artikel penelitian ialah artikel penelitian observasional atau uji klinis, ditulis dalam Bahasa Indonesia atau Inggris, terbit dalam lima tahun terakhir, dan naskah lengkap artikel dapat diakses secara lengkap. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 10 artikel penelitian. Hampir semua penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa kafein dapat menyebabkan migrain baik setelah kafein dikonsumsi (kelompok nonabsen) maupun saat kafein sudah tidak dikonsumsi (kelompok absen). Hubungan kafein dengan migrain lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan nyeri kepala tipe tegang. Selain menjadi factor pencetus, kafein juga dapat berperan sebagai terapi migrain. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah terdapat hubungan erat antara migrain dan kafein. Migrain cenderung lebih sering dicetuskan oleh kafein dibandingkan diringankan oleh kafein.Kata kunci: kafein, migrain
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