Attachment disorganization is a particularly severe form of attachment insecurity often associated with dysfunctional parent-child relationships. Attachment disorganization has highly variable presentations, often manifesting differently in infancy, early childhood, and in early and late adolescence. This article examines the developmental trajectory of children with attachment disorganization across the life span. The contribution of dysfunctional parenting to the manifestation of attachment disorganization is explored. Clinical methods designed for parents and parent-child dyads are discussed.

Moral foundations theory has recently emerged from the field of social psychology as a means for understanding cultural, political, and religious differences between individuals and groups. The authors review the moral foundations theory literature to help counselors in understanding the roots of their clients' and their own moral belief systems and how these systems contribute to decision-making pertaining to morally laden topics. Lastly, the authors present a model for self-awareness around moral issues along with a fictional case study intended to illustrate the use of the model.