There is a need for a method for assessing the results from changes in the potential durability of road materials due to the inclusion of reclaimed and secondary component materials in the manufacture of new road materials. Such changes will have an effect on the cost of the construction maintenance, both financially to the client and environmentally to society in general, and any savings may be transitory. A site trial has been laid of mixtures with and without reclaimed asphalt and work started to assess their durability from early-life properties. The trials are being monitored for their initial performance whilstlaboratory trials are concentrating on the combined effect of ageing and moisture damage on the performance of asphalt mixtures on the trial. All three strands are being used to develop life-cycle analysis models to customise them for the effect of using alternative component materials on the availability of the network and their overall financial and environmental cost, both initial and whole-life. The costs will be identified as being direct (of the construction and maintenance) and indirect (on society in general, such as congestion).Keywords:Recycling, Secondary aggregates, Durability, Whole-life costs.
RésuméIl existe un besoin de trouver une méthode pour évaluer les résultats de la variation de la durée de vie potentielle de matériaux routiers en raison de l'inclusion des matériaux de construction recyclés et secondaires dans la fabrication de nouveaux matériaux routiers. Ces changements auront un effet sur le coût de l'entretien de la construction, à la fois financièrement concernant la clientèle et de l'environnement pour la société et les économies réalisées peuvent être éphémères. Un essai du site a été fait avec des mélanges avec et sans enrobés et des travaux ont été entrepris afin d'évaluer leur durabilité et les propriétés en début de la vie. Les essais sont surveillés pour leur performance alors que les essais en laboratoire se concentrent sur l'effet combiné des dommages causés par le vieillissement et de l'humidité sur la performance des enrobés bitumineux sur le procès. Les trois brins sont utilisés pour développer des modèles d'analyse du cycle de vie pour les adapter à ll'utilisation des matériaux des composants alternatifs sur la disponibilité du réseau et leur coût global financier et environnemental, que se soit pour l'état initial que pour la vie entière. Les coûts seront identifiés comme étant directe (de la construction et de l'entretien) et indirects (sur la société en général, tels que la congestion).
The principles of gas transfer between the atmosphere and cell mitochondria can be considered in a number of steps: inspired gases are humidified in the upper airways and mix with expired gases in the alveoli. in perfused alveoli, gases then diffuse passively down a partial pressure gradient into pulmonary capillary blood. gases are transported by the blood, in a dissolved state or by specific transport systems, to the systemic capillaries from where they diffuse into cells. Efficient gas exchange between the atmosphere and mitochondria requires the transfer of large volumes of gas with minimal reduction in partial pressure. The nature of oxygen binding to haemoglobin and the transport of carbon dioxide as bicarbonate in the blood improve the body's ability to transfer these gases. An understanding of how anaesthetic gases are transferred to their site of action and why side effects occur is important to the safe conduct of anaesthesia.
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