A n assessment of the potential impact of climate change and the concurrent increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration on eastern Washington State agriculture was conducted. Climate projections from four selected general circulation models (GCM) were chosen to evaluate impacts for the periods 2010-2039, 2030-2059 and 2070-2099, identified as 2020, 2040, and 2080 scenarios, respectively. All climate projections reflect a warming future climate, but the individual GCMs vary with respect to precipitation changes -some models reflect wetter conditions and some drier. The assessment included the crops with larger economic value for the state at selected representative locations: irrigated apples at Sunnyside; irrigated potatoes at Othello; dryland wheat at Pullman (high precipitation), Saint John (intermediate precipitation), and Lind and Odessa (low precipitation). To evaluate crop performance, a cropping system simulation model (CropSyst) was utilized using historical and future climate sequences, including simulations with and without concurrent elevation of atmospheric CO 2 concentration as given by the IPCC A1B CO 2 emission projection. Crops were assumed to receive adequate water (irrigated crops) and nutrient supply and possible negative impacts from pests and diseases were not accounted for. Simulation results project that the impact of climate change on selected but economically significant crops in eastern Washington will be generally mild in the short term (i.e., next two decades), but increasingly detrimental with time (potential yield losses reaching 25% for some crops by the end of the century). However, the projected CO 2 elevation is expected to provide significant mitigation of climate change effects, and in fact result in yield gains for some crops. Yields of winter wheat, without CO 2 effect, are projected to increase 2% to 8% for the 2020 scenario, tending to decline with further warming in high precipitation locations, but continue increasing to reach a 12% gain by the 2080s in low precipitation locations. With CO 2 elevation, winter wheat yields are projected to increase by 15% for the 2020 scenario, with larger increases later in the century. Spring wheat yields are projected not to change for the 2020 scenario, and decline 10% to 15% (2040), and 20% to 26% (2080) without CO 2 effect. However, earlier planting combined with CO 2 elevation is projected to increase yields by 16% for the 2020 scenario. 191Yields of irrigated potatoes are projected to decline 9%, 15%, and 22% for the 2020, 2040, and 2080 scenarios, respectively, but these losses are significantly smaller (2 to 3%) with CO 2 elevation. Varieties with a longer duration of green leaf area, combined with elevated CO 2 , could potentially result in yield gains of 15%. However, reductions of tuber quality are a concern under warmer conditions. Apple yields are projected to decline 1%, 3%, and 4% for the 2020, 2040, and 2080 scenarios, respectively, but with projected yields increasing 6% (2020), 9% (2040), and...

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This article examines how violent separatist groups moderate. Using the case of Sinn Féin and the IRA in Northern Ireland, it shows that moderation is a multidimensional process, entailing a change in strategic behaviour but not necessarily in the goals or values of a separatist group. For Irish republicans, moderation entailed giving up violent revolution and embracing peaceful reformism, but it did not require changing long-term goals, accepting the legitimacy of British rule in Northern Ireland, or distancing themselves from their history of armed struggle. Moderation was possible because both Irish republicans and the British state distinguished between republicans’ strategic behaviour and their political goals, with the British state neither expecting nor demanding a change in the goals of republicanism, and republicans showing a willingness to change tactics to bring them closer to their long-term goal of a united Ireland. This finding has important implications for the moderation of other radical separatist groups.

Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in the UK. In 2004, it had a considerably higher prevalence rate compared to other drugs: 10.8% compared to 2.0% ecstasy, the second most prevalent drug (Eaton et al., 2005). Although the UK has historically had the highest rates of cannabis use in Europe, the situation has stabilized since the late 1990s, with the UK now having the fourth highest prevalence rate in Europe (Eaton et al., 2005).

The health specialist initiative aimed to develop closer working practices between health and social care practitioners by providing health input into assessments for child safeguarding and child protection. As part of this initiative, health visitors were transferred to work within social work child welfare teams, where they were renamed `health specialists' (health visitors are registered nurses or midwives, with additional specialized training and experience in child health, health promotion, and education, usually located in primary health care settings). This initiative aimed to develop closer working practices between health and social care and to provide comprehensive health input into assessments for child safeguarding and child protection. This evaluation found that the health specialist initiative is an example of a successful collaboration between health and social care in terms of both processes and outcomes. The health specialist was influential in improving communication and informationow between these two sets of professionals, increasing social worker knowledge of child health and development and strengthening assessments undertaken within social care. However, consideration needs to be given to the clinical health super- vision needs of the health workers based within a host organization. The health specialist initiative has important lessons and experiences for establishing partner- ship initiatives in practice settings for other children's services.