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Manganese Sulfide (MnS) thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation technique which deposited on a glass and silicon substrate. The deposited films were examined for their morphology and crystal structure by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The MnS heterojunction was successfully fabricated by using thermal evaporation technique at different temperature. The I-V properties of the heterogeneous MnS depend heavily on the structure. Silicon improves performance MnS shows good transparency in the spectral range 300-900 nm and the electrical properties of the system are highly dependent on the structure. The maximum value of the R (λ) spectral response of the MnS detection amplifier is 0.165 A/W at 450±50 nm. The maximum detection value of D (λ) was found around 2.359×10 12 (cm Hz-1/W) at 450±60 nm wavelength of the MnS optical amplifier.

Urbanization phenomenon did expand rapidly in Baghdad-Iraq due to security improvement and the human desire for daily services availability, where reducing the agricultural lands "Greenlands" negatively affected the climate rate. The relationship between urban expansion and relative humidity was studied from 2008 to 2018 using remote sensing data (satellite images of Landsat 5 and Landsat 8) and relative humidity rate data obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Data were processed and analyzed using ArcGIS v: 10.2. Results showed changes in human activities (land use (LU)) and urban areas, where increasing urbanization declines vegetation and turbulence climate. The study provides a significant correlation between increasing urbanization and relative humidity rate. Thus, the unintended use of the land may affect the local climate.

In the recent years TiO2 films are extensively studied because of their interesting chemical, optical and electrical properties. In the researcher work, TiO2 thin films have received great attention, because of having excellent photocatalytic and antibacterial properties when exposed to UV light (320 – 400 nm). TiO2 films spectra have maximum transmission at (900 nm) and exhibit high visible transmittance, up to 78 %, for 150 nm, which decreased slightly to 61.4 % for 450 nm. When wavelength decreases the absorptance will increase. The absorption coefficient is increasing with thickness decreasing (the probability of occurrence direct transition). From the light scattering effect for its high surface roughness the formation stage of anatase was appear with increase in grain size and density of layers. The refractive index increases with thickness increasing, and then the enhancement of growth crystalline. It have found a wide range of applications in various fields like photocatalysis, antibacterial and protective coatings, antireflecting coatings, etc.

DC planar sputtering system is characterized by varying discharge potential of (250-2000 volt) and Argon gas pressures of (3.5×10-2 – 1.5) mbar. The breakdown voltage for silver electrode was studied with a uniform electric field at different discharge distances, as well as plasma parameters. The breakdown voltage is a product of the Argon gas pressure inside the chamber and gab distance between the electrodes, represent as Paschen curve. The Current-voltage characteristics curves indicate that the electrical discharge plasma is working in the abnormal glow region. Plasma parameters were found from the current-voltage characteristics of a single probe positioned at the inter-cathode space. Typical values of the electron temperature and the electron density are in the range of (2.93 –5.3) eV and (10-16 -10-17) m-3 respectively.